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Hegemonic masculinity is not completely dominant, however, as it only exists in relation to non-hegemonic, subordinated forms of masculinity. [9] The most salient example of this approach in contemporary European and American society is the dominance of heterosexual men and the subordination of homosexual men .
Raewyn Connell (born 3 January 1944), usually cited as R. W. Connell, is an Australian feminist sociologist and Professor Emerita at the University of Sydney, mainly known for co-founding the field of masculinity studies and coining the concept of hegemonic masculinity, as well as for her work on Southern theory.
Fragile masculinity is the anxiety among males who feel they do not meet cultural standards of masculinity. Evidence suggests that this concept is necessary to ...
Hegemonic masculinity is often reproduced and reinforced through media and culture. "Media representations of men…often glorify men's use of physical force, a daring demeanor, virility, and emotional distance." Contemporary rap music is a striking example of masculinity on display.
Early men's studies scholars studied social construction of masculinity, [12] which the Australian sociologist Raewyn Connell is best known for.. Connell introduced the concept of hegemonic masculinity, describing it as a practice that legitimizes men's dominant position in society and justifies the subordination of the common male population and women, and other marginalized ways of being a man.
Hegemonic masculinity – Concept in gender studies; Hegemony and Socialist Strategy (1985), by Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe; Herd behavior – Behavior of individuals acting in a group "Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses" (1970), by Louis Althusser; Marxist cultural analysis – Anti-capitalist cultural critique
Theories like this, which promote hegemonic masculinity, are often criticized for being sexist, exclusionary, not realistic and “toxic.” They are popular in alt-right communities.
Masculinity (also called manhood or manliness) is a set of attributes, behaviors, and roles associated with men and boys. Masculinity can be theoretically understood as socially constructed, [1] and there is also evidence that some behaviors considered masculine are influenced by both cultural factors and biological factors.