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Mariner 1, built to conduct the first American planetary flyby of Venus, was the first spacecraft of NASA's interplanetary Mariner program.Developed by Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and originally planned to be a purpose-built probe launched summer 1962, Mariner 1's design was changed when the Centaur proved unavailable at that early date.
Launch of Mariner 1 in 1962. The Mariner program was conducted by the American space agency NASA to explore other planets.Between 1962 and late 1973, NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) designed and built 10 robotic interplanetary probes named Mariner to explore the inner Solar System – visiting the planets Venus, Mars and Mercury for the first time, and returning to Venus and Mars for ...
[a] The first successful large-scale rocket programs were initiated in Nazi Germany by Wernher von Braun. The Soviet Union took the lead in the post-war Space Race, launching the first satellite, [1] the first animal, [2]: 155 the first human [3] and the first woman [4] into orbit. The United States landed the first men on the Moon in 1969 ...
Missions to Venus constitute part of the exploration of Venus. The Soviet Union, followed by the United States, have soft landed probes on the surface. Venera 7 was the first lander overall and first for the Soviet Union, touching down on 15 December 1970. Pioneer Venus 2 contained the first spacecraft to land from the United States, the Day ...
Failed to deploy solar panels, ran out of power ten hours after launch; incidental impact on the far side of the Moon on 26 April. First spacecraft to impact the far side of the Moon. [19] [21] The impact made the United States the 2nd country to impact the surface of the Moon. 20: Ranger 5 (P-36) Ranger 5: 18 October 1962: Atlas LV-3 Agena-B ...
Landing humans on the Moon by the end of 1969 required the most sudden burst of technological creativity, and the largest commitment of resources ($25 billion; $182 billion in 2023 US dollars) [22] ever made by any nation in peacetime. At its peak, the Apollo program employed 400,000 people and required the support of over 20,000 industrial ...
Moon: Luna 9: First soft landing and first pictures from the lunar surface. [5] USSR 3 February 1966 Earth: Kosmos 110: First seeds to germinate in space. USSR 22 February 1966 Venus: Venera 3: First impact. [5] USSR 1 March 1966 Moon: Luna 10: First orbiter. [5] USSR 3 April 1966 Docking: Cosmos 186, Cosmos 188: First automated docking of ...
An Apollo 1 mission patch was left on the Moon's surface after the first crewed lunar landing by Apollo 11 crew members Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin. [71] The Apollo 15 mission left on the surface of the Moon a tiny memorial statue, Fallen Astronaut , along with a plaque containing the names of the Apollo 1 astronauts, among others including ...