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Conversely, a decrease in kinetic energy is caused by an equal amount of negative work done by the resultant force. Thus, if the net work is positive, then the particle's kinetic energy increases by the amount of the work. If the net work done is negative, then the particle's kinetic energy decreases by the amount of work. [18]
The left-hand side is the time derivative of the momentum, and the right-hand side is the force, represented in terms of the potential energy. [9]: 737 Landau and Lifshitz argue that the Lagrangian formulation makes the conceptual content of classical mechanics more clear than starting with Newton's laws. [27]
Rough estimate of the gravitational binding energy of Mercury. [254] 10 31 2×10 31 J The Theia Impact, the most energetic event ever in Earth's history [255] [256] 3.3×10 31 J: Total energy output of the Sun each day [240] [257] 10 32 1.71×10 32 J: Gravitational binding energy of the Earth [258] 3.10×10 32 J
Potential energy – energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position relative to others, stresses within itself, electric charge, and other factors. [3] [4] Elastic energy – energy of deformation of a material (or its container) exhibiting a restorative force; Gravitational energy – potential energy associated with a gravitational field.
The most prominent example of the classical two-body problem is the gravitational case (see also Kepler problem), arising in astronomy for predicting the orbits (or escapes from orbit) of objects such as satellites, planets, and stars. A two-point-particle model of such a system nearly always describes its behavior well enough to provide useful ...
Maximum force of a molecular motor [8] 10 −11 10 −10 ~160 pN Force to break a typical noncovalent bond [8] 10 −9 nanonewton (nN) ~1.6 nN Force to break a typical covalent bond [8] 10 −8 ~82nN Force on an electron in a hydrogen atom [1] 10 −7 ~200nN Force between two 1 meter long conductors, 1 meter apart by an outdated definition of ...
A contour plot of the effective potential due to gravity and the centrifugal force of a two-body system in a rotating frame of reference. The arrows indicate the downhill gradients of the potential around the five Lagrange points, toward them (red) and away from them (blue). Counterintuitively, the L 4 and L 5 points are the high points of the ...
The Heisenberg uncertainty principle allows the energy to be as large as needed to promote quantum actions for a brief moment of time, even if the average energy is small enough to satisfy relativity and flat space. To cope with disagreements, the vacuum energy is described as a virtual energy potential of positive and negative energy. [93]