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The female or male external sphincter muscle of urethra (sphincter urethrae): located in the deep perineal pouch, at the bladder's distal inferior end in females, and inferior to the prostate (at the level of the membranous urethra) in males. It is a secondary sphincter to control the flow of urine through the urethra.
Urinary retention is a relatively uncommon presentation in young women. Fowler's syndrome primarily presents in women between menarche and menopause. The peak age of onset is 26 yrs. [5] It is seen in about one third of the women who experience urinary retention. The predominant complaint is the inability to urinate for a day or more with no ...
The parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), which relaxes the urethral sphincter and contracts the bladder, causing urination. Part of the SNS response to a full bladder is the release of catecholamines (including epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine), which are dispatched to help restore or maintain blood pressure. [1]
The internal urethral sphincter is a urethral sphincter muscle which constricts the internal urethral orifice. It is located at the junction of the urethra with the urinary bladder and is continuous with the detrusor muscle , [ 1 ] [ 2 ] but anatomically and functionally fully independent from it. [ 3 ]
The muscle helps maintain continence of urine along with the internal urethral sphincter which is under control of the autonomic nervous system.The external sphincter muscle prevents urine leakage as the muscle is tonically contracted via somatic fibers that originate in Onuf's nucleus and pass through sacral spinal nerves S2-S4 then the pudendal nerve to synapse on the muscle.
Dissection of prostate showing the bulbourethral glands within the fibers of the external urethral sphincter just underneath the prostate. The bulbourethral glands are compound tubulo-alveolar glands, each approximately the size of a pea in humans. In chimpanzees, they are not visible during dissection, but can be found on microscopic ...
Urethral pressure profilometry: measures strength of sphincter contraction. [7] Electromyography (EMG) measurement of electrical activity in the bladder neck. Assessing the "tightness" along the length of the urethra. Fluoroscopy (moving video x-rays) of the bladder and bladder neck during voiding.
The current gold standard of management for persistent urinary incontinence after prostatectomy is the placement of an artificial urinary sphincter. [11] Male slings are an alternative for mild to moderate post-prostatectomy incontinence. [12] [13] Retrograde ejaculation due to injury of the prostatic urethra. This is one of the most frequent ...