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Acetyl-L-carnitine, ALCAR or ALC, is an acetylated form of L-carnitine.It is naturally produced by the human body, and it is available as a dietary supplement. Acetylcarnitine is broken down in the blood by plasma esterases to carnitine which is used by the body to transport fatty acids into the mitochondria for breakdown and ener
The primary biological functions of carnitine in humans include the following: [8] fatty acid transport across the mitochondrial membrane by forming long-chain acylcarnitine esters which are shuttled into the mitochondria, where they undergo β-oxidation to produce ATP, the cell's main energy currency; [8]
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acetyl-CoA + carnitine CoA + acetylcarnitine. where the acetyl group displaces the hydrogen atom in the central hydroxyl group of carnitine. [6] Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and carnitine, whereas its two products are CoA and O-acetylcarnitine. The reaction is highly reversible and does not depend on the order in which ...
Billroth II, more formally Billroth's operation II, is an operation in which a partial gastrectomy (removal of the stomach) is performed and the cut end of the stomach is closed.
The operation involves connecting the appendix to the abdominal wall and fashioning a valve mechanism that allows catheterization of the appendix, but avoids leakage of stool through it.
Coronary artery bypass surgery aims to prevent death from coronary artery disease and improve quality of life by relieving angina, the associated feeling of chest pain. [1] The decision to perform surgery is informed by studies of CABG's efficacy in different patient subgroups, based on the lesions' anatomy or how well the heart is functioning.
Current methods for aortic valve replacement include open-heart surgery, minimally invasive cardiac surgery (MICS), surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) and percutaneous or transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR; also PAVR, PAVI, TAVI). A cardiologist can evaluate whether a heart valve repair or valve replacement would be of benefit. [1]