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For comparison, those with a V d L/kg body weight of less than 0.2 are mainly distributed in blood plasma, 0.2-0.7 mostly in the extracellular fluid and those with more than 0.7 are distributed throughout total body water.
Still, the blood values are approximately equal between the arterial and venous sides for most substances, with the exception of acid–base, blood gases and drugs (used in therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) assays). [6] Arterial levels for drugs are generally higher than venous levels because of extraction while passing through tissues. [6]
Theophylline, also known as 1,3-dimethylxanthine, is a drug that inhibits phosphodiesterase and blocks adenosine receptors. [1] It is used to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma . [ 2 ]
Even less safe are drugs such as digoxin, a cardiac glycoside; its therapeutic index is approximately 2:1. [13] Other examples of drugs with a narrow therapeutic range, which may require drug monitoring both to achieve therapeutic levels and to minimize toxicity, include dimercaprol, theophylline, warfarin and lithium carbonate.
The standard definition of a reference range for a particular measurement is defined as the interval between which 95% of values of a reference population fall into, in such a way that 2.5% of the time a value will be less than the lower limit of this interval, and 2.5% of the time it will be larger than the upper limit of this interval, whatever the distribution of these values.
Viloxazine increased plasma levels of phenytoin by an average of 37%. [21] It also was known to significantly increase plasma levels of theophylline and decrease its clearance from the body, [ 22 ] sometimes resulting in accidental overdose of theophylline .
The most common treatments are medications and surgery to repair the damaged blood vessels in your brain. Valvular heart disease Heart valve problems may be treated with medications or surgery.
[9] [7] [10] A ratio of 5:1 theophylline to ephedrine is usually used in combinations of the drugs. [11] Later research found that the combination was no more effective for asthma than theophylline alone but produced more side effects however. [9] [1] [12] [7]
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