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The First Crusade (1096–1099) was the first of a series of religious wars, or Crusades, initiated, supported and at times directed by the Latin Church in the Middle Ages. The objective was the recovery of the Holy Land from Islamic rule .
The Crusades were seen by their adherents as a special Christian pilgrimage – a physical and spiritual journey authorised and protected by the church. The actions were both pilgrimage and a penance. Participants were considered part of Christ's army and demonstrated this by attaching crosses of cloth to their outfits.
Climax of the First Crusade Archived 2005-11-01 at the Wayback Machine Detailed examanination by J. Arthur McFall originally appeared in Military History magazine. Asbridge, Thomas S. (2004). The First Crusade: A New History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-7432-2084-2. Asbridge, Thomas (2012). The Crusades: The War for the Holy Land ...
The history of Jerusalem during the Early Muslim period covers the period between the capture of the city from the Byzantines by the Arab Muslim armies of the nascent Caliphate in 637–638 CE, and its conquest by the European Catholic armies of the First Crusade in 1099. Throughout this period, Jerusalem remained a largely Christian city with ...
This list of works on the history of the Crusades and their mainly Muslim opponents, provides a select bibliography of modern works that are frequently cited in books, papers and articles that discuss these "holy wars".
First editions (publ. Cambridge University Press) A History of the Crusades by Steven Runciman, published in three volumes during 1951–1954 (vol.I - The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem; vol. II - The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100-1187; vol. III - The Kingdom of Accre and the Later Crusades), is an influential work in the historiography of the ...
A History of the Normans on the First Crusade. Translated by Bernard S. Bachrach and David S. Bachrach. Ashgate, Burlington VT, 2005, ISBN 0-7546-3710-7. The chronicle of Ibn al-Athīr for the crusading period from al-Kāmil fīʾl-taʾrīkh. Pt. 1: The Years 491–541/1097–1146. The Coming of the Franks and the Muslim Response.
The Jews and Muslims fought together to defend Jerusalem against the invading Franks. They were unsuccessful though and on 15 July 1099 the crusaders entered the city. [16] Again, they proceeded to massacre the remaining Jewish and Muslim civilians and pillaged or destroyed mosques and the city. [17]