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The ultimate consequence of cytotoxic edema is the oncotic death of neurons. [1] The swelling of the individual cells of the brain is the main distinguishing characteristic of cytotoxic edema, as opposed to vasogenic edema, wherein the influx of fluid is typically seen in the interstitial space rather than within the cells themselves. [20]
Closed-head injuries are the leading cause of death in children under 4 years old and the most common cause of physical disability and cognitive impairment in young people. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Overall, closed-head injuries and other forms of mild traumatic brain injury account for about 75% of the estimated 1.7 million brain injuries that occur ...
In children aged two to four, falls are the most common cause of TBI, while in older children traffic accidents compete with falls for this position. [57] TBI is the third most common injury to result from child abuse. [58] Abuse causes 19% of cases of pediatric brain trauma, and the death rate is higher among these cases. [59]
These factors cause the brain to swell with fluid, resulting in severe impairment. [15] If the swelling is untreated, it causes death by brain herniation. [4] The brain swelling is likely a result of vasogenic edema, the penetration of the blood–brain barrier by fluids. [16] This process has been observed in MRI studies.
The side-effects of a brain injury depend on location and the body's response to injury. [49] Even a mild concussion can have long term effects that may not resolve. [50] Another misconception is that children heal better from brain damage. Children are at greater risk for injury due to lack of maturity. It makes future development hard to predict.
Neurological collapse can occur within a short period, [12] with rapid onset of dilating pupils, loss of eye movement, unconsciousness, and respiratory failure. [11] Failure of the brain stem frequently occurs between two and five minutes after the second impact, [1] [2] [11] and death can follow shortly. [8]
The cause of death: cerebral edema, a swelling of the brain brought on after Lee had taken too much aspirin." It also mentioned that toward the end of his life, Lee had suffered "several public ...
Brain injury can occur at the site of impact, but can also be at the opposite side of the skull due to a contrecoup effect (the impact to the head can cause the brain to move within the skull, causing the brain to impact the interior of the skull opposite the head-impact). While impact on the brain at the same site of injury to the skull is the ...