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The income approach is a real estate appraisal valuation method. It is one of three major groups of methodologies, called valuation approaches , used by appraisers. It is particularly common in commercial real estate appraisal and in business appraisal.
In several contexts, DCF valuation is referred to as the "income approach". Discounted cash flow valuation was used in industry as early as the 1700s or 1800s; it was explicated by John Burr Williams in his The Theory of Investment Value in 1938; it was widely discussed in financial economics in the 1960s; and became widely used in U.S. courts ...
Residual income valuation (RIV; also, residual income model and residual income method, RIM) is an approach to equity valuation that formally accounts for the cost of equity capital. Here, "residual" means in excess of any opportunity costs measured relative to the book value of shareholders' equity ; residual income (RI) is then the income ...
They are the production (or output or value added) approach, the income approach, and the speculated expenditure approach. It is representative of the total output and income within an economy. The most direct of the three is the production approach, which sums up the outputs of every class of enterprise to arrive at the total.
An alternate, although less common approach, is to apply a "fundamental valuation" method, such as the "T-model", which instead relies on accounting information. Other methods of discounting, such as hyperbolic discounting , are studied in academia and said to reflect intuitive decision-making, but are not generally used in industry.
For example, interest income from U.S. Treasurys is exempt from state and local income taxes, and earnings from municipal bonds are not subject to federal taxes. Cons 1.
An income approach "converts future amounts (for example, cash flows or income and expenses) to a single current (that is, discounted) amount." Unlike the previous two techniques, the income approach relies almost exclusively on level three inputs (although exception include models such as the Black-Scholes-Merton or lattice models which also ...
Fixed-income investments pay interest on a regular, predictable schedule, returning principal as well upon maturity. But fixed-income investing is a much broader topic. While investing in fixed ...