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Hypoglycemia, also called low blood sugar or low blood glucose, is a blood-sugar level below 70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L). [3] [5] Blood-sugar levels naturally fluctuate throughout the day, the body normally maintaining levels between 70 and 110 mg/dL (3.9–6.1 mmol/L).
Neonatal hypoglycemia, also called low blood sugar in newborn babies, occurs when an infant's blood glucose level is less than what is considered normal. [1] There is inconsistency internationally for diagnostic thresholds.
Glucose homeostasis, when operating normally, restores the blood sugar level to a narrow range of about 4.4 to 6.1 mmol/L (79 to 110 mg/dL) (as measured by a fasting blood glucose test). [10] The global mean fasting plasma blood glucose level in humans is about 5.5 mmol/L (100 mg/dL); [11] [12] however, this level fluctuates throughout the day ...
In patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, as plasma glucose levels fall, insulin levels do not decrease – they are simply a passive reflection of the absorption of exogenous insulin. Also, glucagon levels do not increase. Therefore, the first and second defenses against hypoglycemia are already lost in established type 1 diabetes mellitus. [2]
Hypoglycemia is a fall in blood sugar to levels below normal. [8] This may result in a variety of symptoms including clumsiness, trouble talking, confusion, loss of consciousness, seizures or death. [8] A feeling of hunger, sweating, shakiness and weakness may also be present. [8] Symptoms typically come on quickly. [8]
A patient is considered to have hyperglycemia (high glucose) if the patient has a sugar level of greater than 230–270 mg/dL (13–15 mmol/L). Sometimes patient may be temporarily hypoglycemic under certain conditions (e.g. not eating regularly, or after strenuous exercise).
Recurrent mild hypoglycemia may fit a reactive hypoglycemia pattern, but this is also the peak age for idiopathic postprandial syndrome, and recurrent "spells" in this age group can be traced to orthostatic hypotension or hyperventilation as often as demonstrable hypoglycemia. [citation needed] Insulin-induced hypoglycemia
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is one of the life-threatening severe complications of diabetes that demands immediate attention and intervention. [7] It is considered a medical emergency and can affect both patients with T1D (type 1 diabetes) and T2D (type 2 diabetes), but it is more common in T1D. [8]