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Alkyl chlorides are versatile building blocks in organic chemistry. While alkyl bromides and iodides are more reactive, alkyl chlorides tend to be less expensive and more readily available. Alkyl chlorides readily undergo attack by nucleophiles. Heating alkyl halides with sodium hydroxide or water gives alcohols.
The term chloride refers to a compound or molecule that contains either a chlorine anion (Cl −), which is a negatively charged chlorine atom, or a non-charged chlorine atom covalently bonded to the rest of the molecule by a single bond (−Cl). Many inorganic chlorides are salts. Many organic compounds are chlorides.
Organically bound chlorine is as abundant as chloride ions in terrestrial soil systems, or the pedosphere. [1] Discovery of multiple Cl-mediating genes in microorganisms and plants indicate that numerous biotic processes use chloride and produce organic chlorinated compounds, as well as many abiotic processes.
Inorganic chloramines are produced by the reaction of ammonia and hypochlorous acid or chlorine. An urban legend claims that mixing household bleach (aqueous sodium hypochlorite ) with ammonia-based cleaners releases chlorine gas or mustard gas ; in reality, the gas produced by the reaction is a mixture of inorganic chloramines.
The component ions in a salt can be either inorganic, such as chloride (Cl −), or organic, such as acetate (CH 3 COO −). Each ion can be either monatomic (termed simple ion), such as sodium (Na +) and chloride (Cl −) in sodium chloride, or polyatomic, such as ammonium (NH + 4) and carbonate (CO 2− 3) ions in ammonium carbonate.
The bulk of organosilicon compounds derive from organosilicon chlorides (CH 3) 4-x SiCl x. These chlorides are produced by the "Direct process", which entails the reaction of methyl chloride with a silicon-copper alloy. The main and most sought-after product is dimethyldichlorosilane: 2 CH 3 Cl + Si → (CH 3) 2 SiCl 2
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Ammonium chloride – [NH 4]Cl; Antimony(III) chloride – SbCl 3; Antimony(V) chloride – SbCl 5; Arsenic(III) chloride – AsCl 3; Barium chloride – BaCl 2; Beryllium chloride – BeCl 2; Bismuth(III) chloride – BiCl 3; Boron trichloride – BCl 3; Bromine monochloride – BrCl; Cadmium chloride – CdCl 2; Caesium chloride – CsCl ...