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A Lancet review on Handling of Scientific Misconduct in Scandinavian countries gave examples of policy definitions. In Denmark, scientific misconduct is defined as "intention[al] negligence leading to fabrication of the scientific message or a false credit or emphasis given to a scientist", and in Sweden as "intention[al] distortion of the ...
Falsifiability (or refutability) is a deductive standard of evaluation of scientific theories and hypotheses, introduced by the philosopher of science Karl Popper in his book The Logic of Scientific Discovery (1934). [B] A theory or hypothesis is falsifiable if it can be logically contradicted by an empirical test.
The U.S. National Science Foundation defines three types of research misconduct: fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism. [11] [12]Fabrication is making up results and recording or reporting them.
Examples of this include the failure to account for measurement error, or the failure to adequately control experiments for any parameters being measured. Fabrication can also occur in the context of undergraduate or graduate studies wherein a student fabricates a laboratory or homework assignment.
[1] [2] The list of papers whose results were later retracted or discredited, thus leading to invalid science, is growing. [3] Some errors are introduced when the experimenter's desire for a certain result unconsciously influences selection of data (a problem which is possible to avoid in some cases with double-blind protocols). [ 4 ]
Three models of scientific progress in "Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes" by Imre Lakatos. Dogmatic falsificationism;
He saw falsifiability as the cornerstone of critical rationalism, his theory of science. As a key notion in the separation of science from non-science, it has featured prominently in many scientific controversies and applications, even being used as legal precedent. (This page incorporates text from the Wikipedia, namely Falsifiability
The consequences of such misinterpretations can be quite severe. For example, in medical science, correcting a falsehood may take decades and cost lives. Misuses can be easy to fall into. Professional scientists, mathematicians and even professional statisticians, can be fooled by even some simple methods, even if they are careful to check ...