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Nitrogen-13 and oxygen-15 are produced in the atmosphere when gamma rays (for example from lightning) knock neutrons out of nitrogen-14 and oxygen-16: 14 N + γ → 13 N + n 16 O + γ → 15 O + n. The nitrogen-13 produced as a result decays with a half-life of 9.965(4) min to carbon-13, emitting a positron.
Nitrogen-13 is used in medical PET imaging in the form of 13 N-labelled ammonia. It can be produced with a medical cyclotron, using a target of pure water with a trace amount of ethanol. The reactants are oxygen-16 (present as H 2 O) and a proton, and the products are nitrogen-13 and an alpha particle (helium-4). 1 H + 16 O → 13 N + 4 He
Isotopes neighbor each other vertically. Examples include carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14 in the table above. Isotones are nuclides with the same number of neutrons but differing numbers of protons. Isotones neighbor each other horizontally. Examples include carbon-14, nitrogen-15, and oxygen-16 in the table above.
Only 13 of the 38 known-but-unstable elements have isotopes with a half-life of at least 100 years. Every known isotope of the remaining 25 elements is highly radioactive; these are used in academic research and sometimes in industry and medicine.
The heavy isotope 15 N was first discovered by S. M. Naudé in 1929, ... [41] [42] Given the half-life difference, 13 N is the most important nitrogen radioisotope, ...
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This is a list of radioactive nuclides (sometimes also called isotopes), ordered by half-life from shortest to longest, in seconds, minutes, hours, days and years. Current methods make it difficult to measure half-lives between approximately 10 −19 and 10 −10 seconds.
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