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Norepinephrine, also known as noradrenaline and sold under the brand name Levophed among others, is a medication used to treat people with very low blood pressure. [2] It is the typical medication used in sepsis if low blood pressure does not improve following intravenous fluids . [ 3 ]
The general function of norepinephrine is to mobilize the brain and body for action. Norepinephrine release is lowest during sleep, rises during wakefulness, and reaches much higher levels during situations of stress or danger, in the so-called fight-or-flight response. In the brain, norepinephrine increases arousal and alertness, promotes ...
Droxidopa is a synthetic amino acid precursor which acts as a prodrug to the neurotransmitter norepinephrine (noradrenaline). [4] Hence, it acts as a non-selective agonist of the α-and β-adrenergic receptors. Unlike norepinephrine, but similarly to levodopa (L-DOPA), droxidopa is capable of crossing the protective blood–brain barrier (BBB). [4]
l-DOPA is the precursor to the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and epinephrine (adrenaline), which are collectively known as catecholamines. Furthermore, l-DOPA itself mediates neurotrophic factor release by the brain and CNS.
The pharmacology of antidepressants is not entirely clear.. The earliest and probably most widely accepted scientific theory of antidepressant action is the monoamine hypothesis (which can be traced back to the 1950s), which states that depression is due to an imbalance (most often a deficiency) of the monoamine neurotransmitters (namely serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine). [1]
Viloxazine acts as a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (sNRI). [6] [1] [5] The immediate-release form has an elimination half-life of 2.5 hours [6] [2] while the half-life of the extended-release form is 7 hours. [1] Viloxazine was first described by 1972 [10] and was marketed as an antidepressant in Europe in 1974.
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Methylphenidate's mechanism of action in the release of dopamine and norepinephrine is fundamentally different from most other phenethylamine derivatives, as methylphenidate is thought to increase neuronal firing rate, [128] [129] [130] whereas amphetamine reduces firing rate, but causes monoamine release by reversing the flow of the monoamines ...