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Some linguistic scholars assert that the term "Kurdish" has been applied extrinsically in describing the language the Kurds speak, whereas some ethnic Kurds have used the word term to simply describe their ethnicity and refer to their language as Kurmanji, Sorani, Hewrami, Kermanshahi, Kalhori or whatever other dialect or language they speak.
The use of Kurdish in media and education is prevalent in Iraqi Kurdistan. Seven of the top 10 TV stations viewed by Iraqi Kurds are Kurdish-language stations, [47] and the use of Arabic in Kurdistan schools has decreased to the extent that the number of Iraqi Kurds who speak Arabic fluently has dropped significantly over the past decades. [48]
Many Kurds are either bilingual or multilingual, speaking the language of their respective nation of origin, such as Arabic, Persian, and Turkish as a second language alongside their native Kurdish, while those in diaspora communities often speak three or more languages.
There are certain ways to construct possessive phrases in the Sorani dialect, but the ways in which possessive phrases are constructed in Sorani Kurdish do not mirror those of other languages. the main difference in possessive constructions in Sorani Kurdish compared to other languages is concerned with determination because Sorani Kurdish allows double determination.
Venn diagram showing Kurdish, Persian and Arabic letters. Many Kurdish varieties, mainly Sorani, are written using a modified Arabic alphabet with 33 letters introduced by Sa'id Kaban Sedqi. Unlike the Persian alphabet, which is an abjad, Central Kurdish is almost a true alphabet in which vowels are given the same treatment as consonants ...
According to the Article 4 of the Constitution, Arabic and Kurdish are the official languages of Iraq, while three other languages: Turkish, Neo-Aramaic and Armenian, are recognized as minority languages. In addition, any region or province may declare other languages official if a majority of the population approves in a general referendum. [11]
After the 1987 census, the Iraqi regime started a revenge campaign against those Shabaks who chose to declare themselves Kurdish. [6] The campaign included both deportation and forced assimilation, and many of them (along with Zengana and Hawrami Kurds) were relocated to concentration camps (mujamma'at in Arabic) that were located in the Harir area of the northern Iraq.
[Note 1] After the Muslim conquest of Persia, the designation "Kurd" is adopted into Arabic and was used specifically of nomadic tribes. [Note 2] The Kurds were likely first recorded as the "Cyrtii" (Kurti) in the 2nd century BCE. This term referred to slingers living in the Zagros Mountains.