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  2. History of computing hardware - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware

    The history of computing hardware spans the developments from early devices used for simple calculations to today's complex computers, encompassing advancements in both analog and digital technology. The first aids to computation were purely mechanical devices which required the operator to set up the initial values of an elementary arithmetic ...

  3. History of computing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing

    Babbage's devices could be reprogrammed to solve new problems by the entry of new data and act upon previous calculations within the same series of instructions. Ada Lovelace took this concept one step further, by creating a program for the Analytical Engine to calculate Bernoulli numbers, a complex calculation requiring a recursive algorithm ...

  4. Timeline of computing hardware before 1950 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_computing...

    This was a specialized counting machine used for cipher-breaking, not a general-purpose calculator or computer, but a logic device using a combination of electronics and relay logic. It read data optically at 2000 characters per second from two closed loops of paper tape. It was significant as it was the forerunner of Colossus.

  5. Mechanical calculator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_calculator

    A mechanical calculator, or calculating machine, is a mechanical device used to perform the basic operations of arithmetic automatically, or (historically) a simulation such as an analog computer or a slide rule.

  6. Abacus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abacus

    In the early Ming dynasty, the abacus began to appear in a 1:5 ratio. The upper deck had one bead and the bottom had five beads. [29] In the late Ming dynasty, the abacus styles appeared in a 2:5 ratio. [29] The upper deck had two beads, and the bottom had five. Various calculation techniques were devised for Suanpan enabling efficient ...

  7. Stepped reckoner - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepped_reckoner

    The stepped reckoner or Leibniz calculator was a mechanical calculator invented by the German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (started in 1673, when he presented a wooden model to the Royal Society of London [2] and completed in 1694). [1]

  8. Calculator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator

    An electronic pocket calculator with a seven-segment liquid-crystal display (LCD) that can perform arithmetic operations A modern scientific calculator with an LCD. An electronic calculator is typically a portable electronic device used to perform calculations, ranging from basic arithmetic to complex mathematics.

  9. Computer performance by orders of magnitude - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_performance_by...

    1×10 −1: multiplication of two 10-digit numbers by a 1940s electromechanical desk calculator [1] 3×10 −1: multiplication on Zuse Z3 and Z4, first programmable digital computers, 1941 and 1945 respectively; 5×10 −1: computing power of the average human mental calculation [clarification needed] for multiplication using pen and paper