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  2. Topping out - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topping_out

    It is also commonly used to determine the amount of wind on the top of the structure. A Scandinavian tradition of hoisting a pine tree to the top of framed out buildings had a more functional purpose: when the pine needles fell off, the builders knew the wood frame below had cured/dried out so they could enclose the building. [2]

  3. Construction surveying - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_surveying

    Based on the use of the stake they are called alignment stakes, offset stakes, grade stakes, and slope stakes. [5] [6] Survey stakes are markers surveyors use in surveying projects to prepare job sites, mark out property boundaries, and provide information about claims on natural resources like timber and minerals. The stakes can be made from ...

  4. Tool and die maker - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool_and_die_maker

    Many tool and die makers attend a 4- to 5-year apprenticeship program to achieve the status of a journeyman tool and die maker. Today's employment relationships often differ in name and detail from the traditional arrangement of an apprenticeship, and the terms "apprentice" and "journeyman" are not always used, but the idea of a period of years ...

  5. List of building materials - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_building_materials

    This is a list of building materials.. Many types of building materials are used in the construction industry to create buildings and structures.These categories of materials and products are used by architects and construction project managers to specify the materials and methods used for building projects.

  6. Top (tool) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_(tool)

    A typical Top used in rope making. A top is a hand tool with an iron loop and hook used in the creation and splicing of rope. A Top is used to simultaneously hold a piece of rope while providing a hole to separate the "lays" (or strands) of synthetic or natural rope for splicing. A variation of a Top, the gripfid, is used for ply-split braiding ...

  7. Plumb bob - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumb_bob

    An A-frame level with a plumb line hung from the vertex was also used to find horizontal; these were used in Europe until the mid–19th century. A variation of this tool has the plumb line hung from the top of an inverted T shape. [3] The early skyscrapers used heavy plumb bobs, hung on wire in their elevator shafts. [further explanation needed]

  8. History of construction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_construction

    The Romans had trade guilds. Most construction was done by slaves or free men. The use of slave labour undoubtedly cut costs and was one of the reasons for the scale of some of the structures. The Romans placed a considerable emphasis in building their buildings extremely fast, usually within two years.

  9. Construction worker - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_worker

    Construction workers can colloquially be referred to as "hard hat workers" or "hard hats", [5] as they often wear hard hats for safety while working on construction sites. Nevertheless, the term is a broad and generic one and most construction workers are primarily described by the specific level and type of work they perform.