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Variations from these ideal conditions affect measured voltage via the Nernst equation. Electrode potentials of successive elementary half-reactions cannot be directly added. However, the corresponding Gibbs free energy changes (∆G°) must satisfy ∆G° = – z FE°,
At chemical equilibrium, the reaction quotient Q r of the product activity (a Red) by the reagent activity (a Ox) is equal to the equilibrium constant (K) of the half-reaction and in the absence of driving force (ΔG = 0) the potential (E red) also becomes nul. The numerically simplified form of the Nernst equation is expressed as:
A half reaction is obtained by considering the change in oxidation states of individual substances involved in the redox reaction. Often, the concept of half reactions is used to describe what occurs in an electrochemical cell , such as a Galvanic cell battery.
In aqueous solutions, redox potential is a measure of the tendency of the solution to either gain or lose electrons in a reaction. A solution with a higher (more positive) reduction potential than some other molecule will have a tendency to gain electrons from this molecule (i.e. to be reduced by oxidizing this other molecule) and a solution with a lower (more negative) reduction potential ...
The following table provides the reduction potentials of the indicated reducing agent at 25 °C. For example, among sodium (Na), chromium (Cr), cuprous (Cu +) and chloride (Cl −), it is Na that is the strongest reducing agent while Cl − is the weakest; said differently, Na + is the weakest oxidizing agent in this list while Cl is the strongest.
Each half-reaction has a standard electrode potential (E o cell), which is equal to the potential difference or voltage at equilibrium under standard conditions of an electrochemical cell in which the cathode reaction is the half-reaction considered, and the anode is a standard hydrogen electrode where hydrogen is oxidized: [24] 1 ⁄ 2 H 2 → ...
The following list includes the metallic elements of the first six periods. It is mostly based on tables provided by NIST . [ 9 ] [ 10 ] However, not all sources give the same values: there are some differences between the precise values given by NIST and the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics .
A chemical element, often simply called an element, is a type of atom which has a specific number of protons in its atomic nucleus (i.e., a specific atomic number, or Z). [ 1 ] The definitive visualisation of all 118 elements is the periodic table of the elements , whose history along the principles of the periodic law was one of the founding ...