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The Vedas were written down only after 500 BCE, [23] [65] [98] but only the orally transmitted texts are regarded as authoritative, given the emphasis on the exact pronunciation of the sounds. [67] Witzel suggests that attempts to write down the Vedic texts towards the end of 1st millennium BCE were unsuccessful, resulting in smriti rules ...
Hindu scriptures are traditionally classified into two parts: śruti, meaning "what has been heard" (originally transmitted orally) and Smriti, meaning "what has been retained or remembered" (originally written, and attributed to individual authors). The Vedas are classified under śruti.
The Vedic period, or the Vedic age (c. 1500 – c. 500 BCE), is the period in the late Bronze Age and early Iron Age of the history of India when the Vedic literature, including the Vedas (c. 1500 –900 BCE), was composed in the northern Indian subcontinent, between the end of the urban Indus Valley Civilisation and a second urbanisation, which began in the central Indo-Gangetic Plain c. 600 BCE.
The Upanishads were likely in the written form earlier, about mid-1st millennium CE (Gupta Empire period). [ 28 ] [ 72 ] Attempts to write the Vedas may have been made "towards the end of the 1st millennium BCE".
[58] According to Sudhir Bhargava, the Vedas were composed 10,000 years ago, when Manu supposedly lived, in ashrams at the banks of the Sarasvati river in Brahmavarta, the ancient home-base of the Aryans. According to Sudhir Bhargava, people from Brahmavarta moved out from Brahmavarta into and outside India after 4500 BCE, when seismic ...
The Vedas, for orthodox Indian theologians, are considered revelations, some way or other the work of the Deity. [citation needed] In the Hindu Epic the Mahabharata, the creation of Vedas is credited to the deity responsible for creation, Brahma. [25] Each of the four Vedas [26] [27] have been subclassified into four major text types:
Usually contrasted with historical descriptions in vedas, brahmanas, etc., that are written by priests. c.700 BCE (origins) [ 3 ] : 59– 200 CE to 1000 CE (for canonical ones) (some portions, especially, but not limited to, portions of Bhavishya Purana were added until 1850 CE)
Many words in the Vedic Sanskrit of the Ṛg·veda have cognates or direct correspondences with the ancient Avestan language, but these do not appear in post-Rigvedic Indian texts. The text of the Ṛg·veda must have been essentially complete by around the 12th century BCE. The pre-1200 BCE layers mark a gradual change in Vedic Sanskrit, but ...