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Iranica also estimated 25% of Afghanistan natively speaking Dari [18] but also categorized varieties of Persian spoken in central Afghanistan as different languages as Dari, and gave no estimates to the percentage of non-Dari Persian speakers. Iranica also made no reference to how many ethnic Pashtuns spoke Dari as their first language.
As defined in the 2004 Constitution of Afghanistan, Dari Persian is one of the two official languages of Afghanistan; the other is Pashto. [16] Dari Persian is the most widely spoken language in Afghanistan and the native language of approximately 25–55% [9] [17] [18] [19] of the population. [18]
Educated Ottoman Turks spoke Arabic and Persian, as these were the main foreign languages in the pre-Tanzimat era, with the former being used for science and the latter for literary affairs. [25] The spread of the Persian language through Rumi shrines made it the dialect of the Sufism. The Ottomans promoted and supported the Persian language.
Iranian Persian (Persian, Western Persian, or Farsi) is spoken in Iran, and by minorities in Iraq and the Persian Gulf states. Eastern Persian (Dari Persian, Afghan Persian, or Dari) is spoken in Afghanistan. Tajiki (Tajik Persian) is spoken in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. It is written in the Cyrillic script.
However, most of the Fārsīwān speak the Khorasani dialect, native to the Afghanistan–Iran border region, namely Herāt and Farāh, as well as the Iranian provinces of Khorasan. Unlike the Hazara, who are also Persian-speaking and Shia, the Farsiwan do not show any, or very limited, traces of Turkic and Mongol ancestry. [10]
Hazaragi is spoken by the Hazara people, who mainly live in Afghanistan (predominantly in the Hazarajat (Hazaristan) region, as well as other Hazara-populated areas of Afghanistan), with a significant population in Pakistan (particularly Quetta) and Iran (particularly Mashhad), [13] and by Hazaras in eastern Uzbekistan, northern Tajikistan, the Americas, Europe, and Australia. [14]
The Kabuli dialect is an eastern Persian dialect spoken in capital of Afghanistan, Kabul, and its surroundings.Because Kabul was for a long time under the rule of dynasties in both Iran (the Safavids) and India (the Mughals), whom chose Persian as their official language, the Kabuli dialect has enjoyed great prominence as a dialect that has been widely spoken for many centuries.
Standard Persian (Persian: فارسی معیار) is the standard variety of Persian that is the official language of Iran [5] and Tajikistan [6] and one of the two official languages of Afghanistan. [7] It is a set of spoken and written formal varieties used by the educated persophones of several nations around the world. [8]