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Demand for items from inventory is continuous and at a constant rate; Production runs to replenish inventory are made at regular intervals; During a production run, the production of items is continuous and at a constant rate; Production set-up/ordering cost is fixed (independent of quantity produced) The lead time is fixed
From them the cost per unit of beginning inventory can be calculated. During the year, multiple purchases are made. Each time, purchase costs are added to beginning inventory cost to get cost of current inventory. Similarly, the number of units bought is added to beginning inventory to get current goods available for sale.
It requires a detailed physical count so that the company knows exactly how many of each good bought on specific dates comprise the year-end inventory. When this information is found, the amount of goods is multiplied by their purchase cost at their purchase date to get a number for the ending inventory cost.
Two very popular methods are 1)- retail inventory method, and 2)- gross profit (or gross margin) method. The retail inventory method uses a cost to retail price ratio. The physical inventory is valued at retail, and it is multiplied by the cost ratio (or percentage) to determine the estimated cost of the ending inventory.
EOQ applies only when demand for a product is constant over a period of time (such as a year) and each new order is delivered in full when inventory reaches zero. There is a fixed cost for each order placed, regardless of the quantity of items ordered; an order is assumed to contain only one type of inventory item.
Without inventory optimization, companies commonly set inventory targets using rules of thumb or single stage calculations. Rules of thumb normally involve setting a number of days of supply as a coverage target. Single stage calculations look at a single item in a single location and calculate the amount of inventory required to meet demand. [11]
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There is a setup cost s t incurred for each order and there is an inventory holding cost i t per item per period (s t and i t can also vary with time if desired). The problem is how many units x t to order now to minimize the sum of setup cost and inventory cost. Let us denote inventory: