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There are various types of epithelial ovarian cancer, including serous tumor, endometrioid tumor, clear-cell tumor, mucinous tumor, and undifferentiated or unclassified tumors. [68] Annually worldwide, 230,000 women will be diagnosed and 150,000 will die. [ 69 ]
Ovarian tumors, or ovarian neoplasms, are tumors in the ovary. [1] Not all are ovarian cancer. [1] They consist of mainly solid tissue, while ovarian cysts contain fluid. [2]In 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) divided ovarian tumours as 90% epithelial, 3% germ cell, and 2% sex cord-stromal types.
The substages are characterized by the relative size of the tumor. [22] Note: Stage II ovarian cancer will also be declared if the cancerous cells have spread to the liver. Stage IV: The cancer has spread outside of the abdomen and pelvis to more distant organs, such as the lungs. [22]
As ovarian cancer is rarely symptomatic until an advanced stage, [42] regular pre-emptive screening is a particularly important tool for avoiding the late stage at which most patients present. However, A 2011 US study found that transvaginal ultrasound and cancer marker CA125 screening did not reduce ovarian cancer mortality. [43]
Benign serous ovarian tumors are thin walled unilocular cysts that are lined by ciliated pseudostratified cuboidal or columnar epithelium. [14] These tumors vary in size from small and nearly imperceptible to large, filling the abdominal cavity. Benign, borderline, and malignant types of serous tumors account for about 30% of all ovarian tumors.
New research has found that endometriosis is linked to a four times higher risk of ovarian cancer, and deep infiltrating endometriosis is tied to a 10 times higher risk of this form of cancer.
Ovarian squamous cell carcinoma (oSCC) or squamous ovarian carcinoma (SOC) is a rare tumor that accounts for 1% of ovarian cancers. [1] Included in the World Health Organization 's classification of ovarian cancer, [ 2 ] it mainly affects women above 45 years of age.
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