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The International Phonetic Alphabet, or IPA, is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin alphabet. It was devised by the International Phonetic Association as a standardized representation of the sounds of spoken language. [1] The following tables present pulmonic and non-pulmonic consonants.
The following tables indicates the Unicode code point sequences for phonemes as used in the International Phonetic Alphabet.A bold code point indicates that the Unicode chart provides an application note such as "voiced retroflex lateral" for U+026D ɭ LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH RETROFLEX HOOK.
The symbols shown include those in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) and added material. The chart is based on the official IPA vowel chart. [1] The International Phonetic Alphabet is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin alphabet.
These conventions may be convenient for representing various voice onset times. Phonation diacritics may also be prefixed or suffixed to represent relative timing beyond the segment (pre- and post-voicing etc.). The following are examples; in principle, any IPA or extIPA diacritic may be parenthesized or displaced in this manner. [3]
Equivalent on the IPA ˀ: Modifier glottal stop creaky voice/ glottalization ̰: Equivalent on the IPA ̴: Combining middle tilde velarization ˠ: Equivalent on the IPA ˉ , ˗ , ˍ Modifier high, mid and low macron behind high, mid and low-level tone or intonation removed ˭ , ₌ Modifier high and low equals sign behind
If there is an IPA symbol you are looking for that you do not see here, see Help:IPA, which is a more complete list. For a table listing all spellings of the sounds on this page, see English orthography § Sound-to-spelling correspondences .
The latest official IPA chart, revised in 2020. Here is a basic key to the symbols of the International Phonetic Alphabet. For the smaller set of symbols that is sufficient for English, see Help:IPA/English. Several rare IPA symbols are not included; these are found in the main IPA article or on the extensive IPA chart.
Those superscript letters listed below are specifically provided for by the IPA Handbook; other uses can be illustrated with tˢ ([t] with fricative release), ᵗs ([s] with affricate onset), ⁿd (prenasalized [d]), bʱ ([b] with breathy voice), mˀ (glottalized [m]), sᶴ ([s] with a flavor of [ʃ], i.e. a voiceless alveolar retracted ...