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For two indistinguishable particles, a state before the particle exchange must be physically equivalent to the state after the exchange, so these two states differ at most by a complex phase factor. This fact suggests that a state for two indistinguishable (and non-interacting) particles is given by following two possibilities: [2] [3] [4]
He proposed that all things are made up of microscopic, indivisible particles that interact and combine to produce all the things of the world. [10] [11] The atoms postulated by Leucippus come in infinitely many shapes and sizes, although the size and shape of each atom is fixed and unchanging. They are in a state of constant motion and ...
Different isotopes of the same element contain the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. The mass number of an isotope is the total number of nucleons (neutrons and protons collectively). Chemistry concerns itself with how electron sharing binds atoms into structures such as crystals and molecules.
Ordinary matter is composed of atoms, themselves once thought to be indivisible elementary particles. The name atom comes from the Ancient Greek word ἄτομος which means indivisible or uncuttable. Despite the theories about atoms that had existed for thousands of years, the
The subatomic scale is the domain of physical size that encompasses objects smaller than an atom.It is the scale at which the atomic constituents, such as the nucleus containing protons and neutrons, and the electrons in their orbitals, become apparent.
Crystalline solid: A solid in which atoms, molecules, or ions are packed in regular order. Quasicrystal: A solid in which the positions of the atoms have long-range order, but this is not in a repeating pattern. Different structural phases of polymorphic materials are considered to be different states of matter in the Landau theory.
Leptonic atoms, named using -onium, are exotic atoms constituted by the bound state of a lepton and an antilepton. Examples of such atoms include positronium (e − e +), muonium (e − μ +), and "true muonium" (μ − μ +). Of these positronium and muonium have been experimentally observed, while "true muonium" remains only theoretical.
Dalton concluded that in these oxides, for every two atoms of iron, there are two or three atoms of oxygen respectively (Fe 2 O 2 and Fe 2 O 3). [ b ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] As a final example: nitrous oxide is 63.3% nitrogen and 36.7% oxygen, nitric oxide is 44.05% nitrogen and 55.95% oxygen, and nitrogen dioxide is 29.5% nitrogen and 70.5% oxygen.