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Glutathione (GSH, / ˌ ɡ l uː t ə ˈ θ aɪ oʊ n /) is an organic compound with the chemical formula HOCOCH(NH 2)CH 2 CH 2 CONHCH(CH 2 SH)CONHCH 2 COOH.It is an antioxidant in plants, animals, fungi, and some bacteria and archaea.
GSH is capable of preventing infection from the influenza virus. [21] [22] Glutathione (GSH) is synthesized in the cytoplasm of liver cells and imported to the mitochondria where it functions as a cofactor for a number of antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes. [20]
In plants, the glutathione-ascorbate cycle operates in the cytosol, mitochondria, plastids and peroxisomes. [5] [6] Since glutathione, ascorbate and NADPH are present in high concentrations in plant cells it is assumed that the glutathione-ascorbate cycle plays a key role for H 2 O 2 detoxification.
The proportion of cell volume that is cytosol varies: for example while this compartment forms the bulk of cell structure in bacteria, [9] in plant cells the main compartment is the large central vacuole. [10] The cytosol consists mostly of water, dissolved ions, small molecules, and large water-soluble molecules (such as proteins).
GCL is exclusively located in plastids, and glutathione synthetase (GS) is dual-targeted to plastids and cytosol, thus GSH and gamma-glutamylcysteine are exported from the plastids. [28] Studies also shown that restricting GCL activity to the cytosol or glutathione biosynthesis to the plastids is sufficient for normal plant development and ...
Therefore, the amount of phytochelatin increases when the cell needs more phytochelatin to survive in an environment with high concentrations of metal ions. [ 5 ] Phytochelatin binds to Pb ions leading to sequestration of Pb ions in plants and thus serves as an important component of the detoxification mechanism in plants. [ 6 ]
Glutathione reductase (GR) also known as glutathione-disulfide reductase (GSR) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GSR gene.Glutathione reductase (EC 1.8.1.7) catalyzes the reduction of glutathione disulfide to the sulfhydryl form glutathione (), which is a critical molecule in resisting oxidative stress and maintaining the reducing environment of the cell.
The high intracellular concentrations of GSTs coupled with their cell-specific cellular distribution allows them to function as biomarkers for localising and monitoring injury to defined cell types. For example, hepatocytes contain high levels of alpha GST and serum alpha GST has been found to be an indicator of hepatocyte injury in ...