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A pack-year is a clinical quantification of cigarette smoking used to measure a person's exposure to tobacco. This is used to assess their risk of developing lung cancer or other pathologies related to tobacco use. However, it is difficult to rely on the assessment based on the pack-year due to the different nature of the packaging by different ...
Purified protein derivative (PPD) tuberculin is a precipitate of species-nonspecific molecules obtained from filtrates of sterilized, concentrated cultures. The tuberculin reaction was first described by Robert Koch in 1890. The test was first developed and described by the German physician Felix Mendel in 1908. [2]
If all doubtful indications are instead classified as positive, there is no significant difference between the OT test, the PPD tine test, or the Mantoux test. [3] Furthermore, the tine test is faster and easier to administer than the Mantoux test and has been recommended for screening children. [9] [10]
PPD: packs per day postpartum depression, that is, postnatal depression purified protein derivative or Mantoux test, for tuberculosis testing PPE: personal protective equipment: PPF: posterior pharyngeal flap PPH: postpartum haemorrhage primary pulmonary hypertension procedure for prolapse and hemorrhoids: PPI: proton pump inhibitor: PPMS
The positive predictive value (PPV), or precision, is defined as = + = where a "true positive" is the event that the test makes a positive prediction, and the subject has a positive result under the gold standard, and a "false positive" is the event that the test makes a positive prediction, and the subject has a negative result under the gold standard.
PPD is also linked with significant reductions in insular cortex volume, [10] although this may be caused by the secondary hyponatraemia. It has been suggested that these deficits lead to moderate to severe cognitive impairments , especially affecting working memory , verbal memory, executive function , attention and motor speed.
The Fagerström Test for Nicotine dependence is a standard instrument for assessing the intensity of addiction to nicotine. It evaluates the quantity of cigarette consumption, the compulsion to use, and dependence.
Pulmonary function testing is a diagnostic and management tool used for a variety of reasons, such as: Diagnose lung disease. Monitor the effect of chronic diseases like asthma, chronic obstructive lung disease, or cystic fibrosis.