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β-Endorphin (beta-endorphin) is an endogenous opioid neuropeptide and peptide hormone that is produced in certain neurons within the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. [1] It is one of three endorphins that are produced in humans, the others of which include α-endorphin and γ-endorphin. [2]
[12] α-endorphin and γ-endorphin result from proteolytic cleavage of β-endorphin between the Thr(16)-Leu(17) residues and Leu(17)-Phe(18) respectively. [24] α-endorphin has the shortest sequence, and β-endorphin has the longest sequence. α-endorphin and γ-endorphin are primarily found in the anterior and intermediate pituitary. [25]
[2] β-endorphin is the predominant opioid of the anterior human and rat pituitary gland. Birdsall and Hulme demonstrated that the C-fragment of lipotropin (β-endorphin) has a high affinity for opiate receptors in the brain, and the binding was reversed by naloxone, a classical antagonist of the opiates (Bradbury et al. 1976a).
The sensory function of substance P is thought to be related to the transmission of pain information into the central nervous system. Substance P coexists with the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate in primary afferents that respond to painful stimulation. [ 30 ]
Exogenous opioid substances are called exorphins, as opposed to endorphins. Exorphins include opioid food peptides, such as gluten exorphin and opioid food peptides, and are often contained in cereals and animal milk. Exorphins mimic the actions of endorphins by binding to and activating opioid receptors in the brain. Common exorphins include:
There are three well-characterized families of opioid peptides produced by the body: enkephalins, β-endorphin, and dynorphins.The met-enkephalin peptide sequence is coded for by the enkephalin gene; the leu-enkephalin peptide sequence is coded for by both the enkephalin gene and the dynorphin gene. [3]
But if you’re vegan or vegetarian or have a medical condition like pernicious anemia (when your body doesn’t have enough B12 to produce the amount of red blood cells it needs), vitamin B12 ...
All G protein α sub-units contain palmitate, which is a 16-carbon saturated fatty acid, that is attached near the N-terminus through a labile, reversible thioester linkage to a cysteine amino acid. It is this palmitoylation that allows the G protein to interact with membrane phospholipids due to the hydrophobic nature of the alpha sub-units ...