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In the C++ programming language, special member functions [1] are functions which the compiler will automatically generate if they are used, but not declared explicitly by the programmer. The automatically generated special member functions are: Default constructor if no other constructor is explicitly declared.
destructor; copy constructor; copy assignment operator; These three functions are special member functions. If one of these functions is used without first being declared by the programmer it will be implicitly implemented by the compiler with the following default semantics: Destructor – call the destructors of all the object's class-type ...
These functions accept a format string parameter and a variable number of value parameters that the function serializes per the format string and writes to an output stream or a string buffer. The format string is encoded as a template language consisting of verbatim text and format specifiers that each specify how to serialize a value.
printf(string format, items-to-format) It can take one or more arguments, where the first argument is a string to be written. This string can contain special formatting codes which are replaced by items from the remainder of the arguments. For example, an integer can be printed using the "%d" formatting code, e.g.: printf("%d", 42);
In object-oriented programming, a destructor (sometimes abbreviated dtor [1]) is a method which is invoked mechanically just before the memory of the object is released. [2] It can happen when its lifetime is bound to scope and the execution leaves the scope, when it is embedded in another object whose lifetime ends, or when it was allocated dynamically and is released explicitly.
In C++, objects are created on the stack when the constructor is invoked without the new operator, and created on the heap when the constructor is invoked with the new operator. Stack objects are deleted implicitly when they go out of scope, while heap objects must be deleted implicitly by a destructor or explicitly by using the delete operator.
To elaborate on the above example, consider a base class with no virtual functions. Whenever the base class calls another member function, it will always call its own base class functions. When we derive a class from this base class, we inherit all the member variables and member functions that were not overridden (no constructors or destructors).
The <inttypes.h> header (cinttypes in C++) provides features that enhance the functionality of the types defined in the <stdint.h> header. It defines macros for printf format string and scanf format string specifiers corresponding to the types defined in <stdint.h> and several functions for working with the intmax_t and uintmax_t types.