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The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Christian Latin Church in the medieval period.The best known of these military expeditions are those to the Holy Land between 1095 and 1291 that had the objective of reconquering Jerusalem and its surrounding area from Muslim rule after the region had been conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate ...
An account of the overseas voyage to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem and other places of the Holy Land. [182] Richard Hakluyt. Richard Hakluyt (1553–1616), an English author, editor and translator. Recognizing his contributions, the Hakluyt Society was founded in 1846, printing rare and unpublished accounts of voyages and travels.
The first of these is Crusades, [191] [137] by French historian Louis R. Bréhier, appearing in the Catholic Encyclopedia, based on his L'Église et l'Orient au Moyen Âge: Les Croisades. [192] The second is The Crusades, [193] by English historian Ernest Barker, in the Encyclopædia Britannica (11th edition). Collectively, Bréhier and Barker ...
Saladin: The Politics of the Holy War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-31739-8. Omran, Mahmud Said (1985). "King Amalric and the Siege of Alexandria, 1167". In Peter W. Edbury (ed.). Crusade and Settlement. Papers read at the First Conference of the Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East and presented to R. C ...
This led to the second of the Smyrniote Crusades against the Aydınids, also known as the Crusade of Humbert II of Viennois. It was intended to assist the recaptured Frankish port of Smyrna by responding to a January 1345 attack during a time of truce by the Turkish garrison upon Christians worshiping in the demolished cathedral.
The Great Turkish War, also known as The Fourteenth Crusade [203] was a crusade undertaken by the Holy League of Pope Innocent XI [204] against the Ottoman Empire which met with an unprecedented Crusader success leading to the recovery of most of Hungary, Transylvania, Podolia and Morea to Christian rule and the beginning of the decline of the ...
Al-Afdal Shahanshah captures Jerusalem from the Seljuks and installs Iftikhar Ad-Daulah as governor of the city. [143] 3–10 October. The Council of Bari is convened by Urban II. [144] 11 December. The Crusaders are successful in their Siege of Ma'arrat Nu'man begun on 27 November. [q] [146] Taking of Jerusalem by the Crusaders (1847) by ...
These were acts that existed before the crusading movement, but they became increasingly popular in association. They may have formed part of other forms of regular religious devotion. In 1099 Jerusalem was known as "the remotest place", but these practices made crusading tangible. [52]