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The Pareto distribution, named after the Italian civil engineer, economist, and sociologist Vilfredo Pareto, [2] is a power-law probability distribution that is used in description of social, quality control, scientific, geophysical, actuarial, and many other types of observable phenomena; the principle originally applied to describing the distribution of wealth in a society, fitting the trend ...
In statistics, the generalized Pareto distribution (GPD) is a family of continuous probability distributions.It is often used to model the tails of another distribution. It is specified by three parameters: location , scale , and shape
The importance of seven states of randomness classification for mathematical finance is that methods such as Markowitz mean variance portfolio and Black–Scholes model may be invalidated as the tails of the distribution of returns are fattened: the former relies on finite standard deviation and stability of correlation, while the latter is ...
The normal-inverse Gaussian distribution; The Pearson Type IV distribution (see Pearson distributions) The Quantile-parameterized distributions, which are highly shape-flexible and can be parameterized with data using linear least squares. The skew normal distribution; Student's t-distribution, useful for estimating unknown means of Gaussian ...
the q-Gaussian distribution; the log-Cauchy distribution, sometimes described as having a "super-heavy tail" because it exhibits logarithmic decay producing a heavier tail than the Pareto distribution. [10] [11] Those that are two-tailed include: The Cauchy distribution, itself a special case of both the stable distribution and the t-distribution;
The distributions of a wide variety of physical, biological, and human-made phenomena approximately follow a power law over a wide range of magnitudes: these include the sizes of craters on the moon and of solar flares, [2] cloud sizes, [3] the foraging pattern of various species, [4] the sizes of activity patterns of neuronal populations, [5] the frequencies of words in most languages ...
A symmetric distribution which can model both tail (long and short) and center behavior (like flat, triangular or Gaussian) completely independently could be derived e.g. by using X = IH/chi. The Tukey g- and h-distribution also allows for a deviation from normality, both through skewness and fat tails. [19]
The shape of a distribution will fall somewhere in a continuum where a flat distribution might be considered central and where types of departure from this include: mounded (or unimodal), U-shaped, J-shaped, reverse-J shaped and multi-modal. [1]