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Latin declension is the set of patterns according to which Latin words are declined—that is, have their endings altered to show grammatical case, number and gender.Nouns, pronouns, and adjectives are declined (verbs are conjugated), and a given pattern is called a declension.
This corresponds to an -e ending in Sanskrit, which might have been a contracted ai or lengthened i: bhagavat-e "for the blessed (one)" Many third-declension nouns, unlike first- or second-declension nouns, show different stems depending on case and number — usually one stem for the nominative singular, and another for the rest of the cases ...
Feminine nouns ending in -ia or -ea, e.g. Mária → na Márii, Andrea → v Andrei; Neuter nouns ending in -e or -ie, e.g. srdce → pri srdci-í used for neuter nouns ending in -ie, e.g. vysvedčenie → na vysvedčení-ovi used for masculine animate nouns, e.g. chlap → o chlapovi, hrdina → po hrdinovi
Usually, in borrowing words from Latin, the endings of the nominative are used: nouns whose nominative singular ends in -a (first declension) have plurals in -ae (anima, animae); nouns whose nominative singular ends in -um (second declension neuter) have plurals in -a (stadium, stadia; datum, data). (For a full treatment, see Latin declensions.)
Common examples are case endings, which indicate the grammatical case of nouns and adjectives, and verb endings, which form the conjugation of verbs. Suffixes can carry grammatical information ( inflectional endings) or lexical information ( derivational /lexical suffixes) . [ 1 ]
Nouns ending with -ĭcĭ have a vocative ending of -če (otĭcĭ : otĭče ' father ', kupĭcĭ : kupĭče ' merchant '), likewise nouns ending with -dzĭ assume the vocative suffix -že (kŭnědzĭ : kŭněže ' prince '). This is similar to Greek, Latin, Lithuanian, and Sanskrit, which also employ the -e suffix in vocatives. [11] [12]
Stems ending in *i or *u such as *men-ti-are consonantic (i.e. athematic) because the *i is just the vocalic form of the glide *y, the full grade of the suffix being *-tey-. [note 2] Post-PIE ā was actually *eh₂ in PIE. Among the most common athematic stems are root stems, i-stems, u-stems, eh₂-stems, n-stems, nt-stems, r-stems and s-stems ...
In nouns, the thematic vowel is almost always *o, [10] and only becomes *e when there is no ending or when followed by *h₂ in the neuter nominative/accusative plural. Here is an example paradigm for * h₂ŕ̥tḱos 'bear', a thematic animate noun, supplemented by the neuter * h₂érh₃trom 'plough' for the nominative/accusative: [ 10 ]