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  2. Rutherford model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_model

    In a May 1911 paper, [7] Rutherford presented his own physical model for subatomic structure, as an interpretation for the unexpected experimental results. [2] In it, the atom is made up of a central charge (this is the modern atomic nucleus, though Rutherford did not use the term "nucleus" in his paper). Rutherford only committed himself to a ...

  3. Bohr–Sommerfeld model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohr–Sommerfeld_model

    This was a significant step in the development of quantum mechanics. It also described the possibility of atomic energy levels being split by a magnetic field (called the Zeeman effect). Walther Kossel worked with Bohr and Sommerfeld on the Bohr–Sommerfeld model of the atom introducing two electrons in the first shell and eight in the second. [8]

  4. Bohr model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohr_model

    When Bohr began his work on a new atomic theory in the summer of 1912 [8]: 237 the atomic model proposed by J J Thomson, now known as the Plum pudding model, was the best available. [9]: 37 Thomson proposed a model with electrons rotating in coplanar rings within an atomic-sized, positively-charged, spherical volume. Thomson showed that this ...

  5. Noble gas - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_gas

    The discovery of the noble gases aided in the development of a general understanding of atomic structure. In 1895, French chemist Henri Moissan attempted to form a reaction between fluorine, the most electronegative element, and argon, one of the noble gases, but failed. Scientists were unable to prepare compounds of argon until the end of the ...

  6. Atomic nucleus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_nucleus

    A model of an atomic nucleus showing it as a compact bundle of protons (red) and neutrons (blue), the two types of nucleons.In this diagram, protons and neutrons look like little balls stuck together, but an actual nucleus (as understood by modern nuclear physics) cannot be explained like this, but only by using quantum mechanics.

  7. Plum pudding model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plum_pudding_model

    Heavier and slower than beta particles, these were the key tool used by Rutherford to find evidence against Thomson's model. In addition to the emerging atomic theory, the electron, and radiation, the last element of history was the many studies of atomic spectra published in the late 19th century. Part of the attraction of the vortex model was ...

  8. Atom - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom

    A given atom has an atomic mass approximately equal (within 1%) to its mass number times the atomic mass unit (for example the mass of a nitrogen-14 is roughly 14 Da), but this number will not be exactly an integer except (by definition) in the case of carbon-12. [67] The heaviest stable atom is lead-208, [59] with a mass of 207.976 6521 Da. [68]

  9. Nuclear structure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_structure

    The atomic nucleus is a quantum n-body system. The internal motion of nucleons within the nucleus is non-relativistic, and their behavior is governed by the Schrödinger equation. Nucleons are considered to be pointlike, without any internal structure.