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Emotions are categorized into various affects, which correspond to the current situation. [30] An affect is the range of feeling experienced. [31] Both positive and negative emotions are needed in our daily lives. [32] Many theories of emotion have been proposed, [33] with contrasting views. [34]
For example, anger shows the sign of attack, fear shows the sign of escape. These emotional reactions interconnect with our mind and body. These negative emotions are influenced by the physiological support mechanisms, such as the physical energy, that relies on the body to mobilize at an optimal level for individual action to react.
Attributing causes of negative impulses or feelings to the external world rather than to oneself III. Reaction-Formation: Adopting the behavior or attitude opposite to what one really feels IV. Fixation: Failing to pass into the next stage of psychosexual development or temporary flight from controlled and realistic thinking V. Regression
Both emotional empathy and emotion recognition have been shown to have negative correlations with Machiavellianism. [ 47 ] [ 9 ] Additionally, research has shown that Machiavellianism is unrelated to a more advanced theory of mind , that is, the ability to anticipate what others are thinking in social situations. [ 165 ]
The self-discrepancy theory states that individuals compare their "actual" self to internalized standards or the "ideal/ought self". Inconsistencies between "actual", "ideal" (idealized version of yourself created from life experiences) and "ought" (who persons feel they should be or should become) are associated with emotional discomforts (e.g., fear, threat, restlessness).
According to Aaron Beck's cognitive model, a negative outlook on reality, sometimes called negative schemas (or schemata), is a factor in symptoms of emotional dysfunction and poorer subjective well-being. Specifically, negative thinking patterns reinforce negative emotions and thoughts. [2]
Psychological behaviorism is a form of behaviorism—a major theory within psychology which holds that generally human behaviors are learned—proposed by Arthur W. Staats. The theory is constructed to advance from basic animal learning principles to deal with all types of human behavior, including personality, culture, and human evolution.
Self-perception theory (SPT) is an account of attitude formation developed by psychologist Daryl Bem. [1] [2] It asserts that people develop their attitudes (when there is no previous attitude due to a lack of experience, etc.—and the emotional response is ambiguous) by observing their own behavior and concluding what attitudes must have caused it.