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[13]: 245 During the Restoration, the Swiss Confederation's constitution and the Treaty of Paris's Act on the Neutrality of Switzerland affirmed Swiss neutrality. [12] [13]: 246 [15] The dating of neutrality to 1516 is disputed by modern historians. Prior to 1895, no historian referenced the Battle of Marignano as the beginning of neutrality.
In 1917 Switzerland's neutrality came into question when the Grimm–Hoffmann Affair erupted. Robert Grimm , a Swiss socialist politician, travelled to Russia as an activist to negotiate a separate peace between Russia and Germany, in order to end the war on the Eastern Front in the interests of socialism and pacifism .
Robert Grimm. The Grimm–Hoffmann affair was a short-lived scandal that threatened Switzerland's neutrality during World War I. Robert Grimm, a socialist politician, travelled to the Russian Republic as an activist to negotiate a separate peace between Russia and the German Empire, in order to end the war on the Eastern Front in the interests of socialism.
Map of Switzerland and Swiss cantons. The history of Switzerland since 1914 encompasses the final phase of the formation of the Confederation of 22 cantons, commencing with the aftermath of World War I and culminating in the establishment of the canton of Jura. This period also marks the subsequent trajectory of the country's history. [1]
The military history of Switzerland comprises centuries of armed actions, and the role of the Swiss military in conflicts and peacekeeping worldwide. Despite maintaining neutrality since its independence from the Holy Roman Empire in 1499, [1] Switzerland has been involved in military operations dating back to the hiring of Swiss mercenaries by foreign nations, including the Papal States.
Between the Alps and a Hard Place: Switzerland in World War II and the Rewriting of History (2000) excerpt and text search; Dawson, William Harbutt. Social Switzerland: Studies of Present-day Social Movements and Legislation (1897) 302 pp; with focus on social and economic history, poverty, labour online; Fahrni, Dieter. An Outline History of ...
Switzerland during the World Wars; Vietnam during World War I; Afghanistan – received a German diplomatic mission trying to convince it to act against the British in India; Argentina – Ally to US by treaty (see ABC countries for more information) Bhutan; Chile – Ally to US by treaty (see ABC countries for more information) Colombia
The United States had a direct war cost about $12.3 billion; it made loans to Allies of $5.041 billion. Russia had a direct war cost about $7.7 billion; it received loans from Allies (United States and Britain) of $2.289 billion. [35] In 1914 Britain had by far the largest and most efficient financial system in the world. [36]