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The first historical achievement in anesthesia occurred around 4000 BC in ancient Mesopotamia. [5] [10] [33] [34] [35] This was the advent of Ethanol (commonly known as ‘drinking alcohol’), the first general anaesthetic agent.
Since general anesthesia first became widely used in late 1846, assessment of anesthetic depth was a problem. To determine the depth of anesthesia, the anesthetist relies on a series of physical signs of the patient .
The purpose of anesthesia can be distilled down to three basic goals or endpoints: [2]: 236 hypnosis (a temporary loss of consciousness and with it a loss of memory.In a pharmacological context, the word hypnosis usually has this technical meaning, in contrast to its more familiar lay or psychological meaning of an altered state of consciousness not necessarily caused by drugs—see hypnosis).
One commonly used premedication is clonidine, an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] It reduces postoperative shivering, postoperative nausea and vomiting , and emergence delirium . [ 6 ] However, a randomized controlled trial from 2021 demonstrated that clonidine is less effective at providing anxiolysis and more sedative in children of ...
Many compounds have been used for inhalation anaesthesia, but only a few are still in widespread use. Desflurane, isoflurane and sevoflurane are the most widely used volatile anaesthetics today. They are often combined with nitrous oxide. Older, less popular volatile anaesthetics include halothane, enflurane, and methoxyflurane.
Structures of general anaesthetics widely used in medicine. [1] 1 - ethanol, 2 - chloroform, 3 - diethyl ether, 4 - fluroxene, 5 - halothane, 6 - methoxyflurane, 7 - enflurane, 8 - isoflurane, 9 - desflurane, 10 - sevoflurane. A general anaesthetic (or anesthetic) is a drug that brings about a reversible loss of consciousness. [2]
Etomidate is one of the most commonly used intravenous drugs employed to induce and maintain general anesthesia. [11] It can also be used for sedation during procedures or in the ICU. [11] Like the other agents mentioned above, it renders patients unconscious without producing pain relief. [11]
Alexandrian surgeons were responsible for developments in ligature (hemostasis), lithotomy, hernia operations, ophthalmic surgery, plastic surgery, methods of reduction of dislocations and fractures, tracheotomy, and mandrake as anesthesia. Most of what we know of them comes from Celsus and Galen of Pergamum (Greek: Γαληνός) [18] [34]