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Air lock problems often occur when one is trying to recommission a system after it has been deliberately (for servicing) or accidentally emptied. Take, for example, a central heating system using a circulating pump to pump water through radiators. When filling such a system, air is trapped in the radiators. This air has to be vented using screw ...
In fluid dynamics, pipe network analysis is the analysis of the fluid flow through a hydraulics network, containing several or many interconnected branches. The aim is to determine the flow rates and pressure drops in the individual sections of the network. This is a common problem in hydraulic design.
Hydronics is the name for the use of liquid water (or aqueous solutions) as the heat-transfer medium in heating and cooling systems. The chapter on pipe sizing in the ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals has separate sections for "Hydronic System Piping" (as a subsection of "Water Piping") and "Steam Piping" (as its own major section).
Hydronics (from Ancient Greek hydro- 'water') is the use of liquid water or gaseous water or a water solution (usually glycol with water) as a heat-transfer medium in heating and cooling systems. [1] [2] The name differentiates such systems from oil and refrigerant systems.
Steam hammer can occur in steam systems when some of the steam condenses into water in a horizontal section of the piping. The steam forcing the liquid water along the pipe forms a "slug" which impacts a valve of pipe fitting, creating a loud hammering noise and high pressure. Vacuum caused by condensation from thermal shock can also cause a ...
The vast majority of copper systems far exceed this time period but a small minority may fail after a comparatively short time. The majority of failures seen are the result of poor installation or operation of the water system. The most common failure seen in the last 20 years is pitting corrosion in cold water tubes, also known as Type 1 pitting.
[2] No inherent redundancy for the pump. A zone-valved system is dependent upon a single circulator pump. If it fails, the system becomes completely inoperable. The system can be harder to design, requiring both "SPDT" thermostats or relays and the ability of the system to withstand the fault condition whereby all zone valves are closed ...
The flow in manifolds is extensively encountered in many industrial processes when it is necessary to distribute a large fluid stream into several parallel streams, or to collect them into one discharge stream, such as in fuel cells, heat exchangers, radial flow reactors, hydronics, fire protection, and irrigation. Manifolds can usually be ...