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The Modern English-ing ending, which is used to form both gerunds and present participles of verbs (i.e. in noun and adjective uses), derives from two different historical suffixes. The gerund (noun) use comes from Middle English-ing, which is from Old English-ing, -ung (suffixes forming nouns from verbs).
Historically, the -ing suffix was attached to a limited number of verbs to form abstract nouns, which were used as the object of verbs such as like. The use was extended in various ways: the suffix became attachable to all verbs; the nouns acquired verb-like characteristics; the range of verbs allowed to introduce the form spread by analogy ...
ing OE place, small stream Lockinge [53] suffix difficult to distinguish from -ingas without examination of early place-name forms. inver, inner [5] SG mouth of (a river), confluence, a meeting of waters Inverness, Inveraray, Innerleithen: prefix cf. aber. keld ON spring Keld, Threlkeld [54] keth, cheth C wood Penketh, Culcheth [27] suffix cf ...
For ease of use, the [i] in front of the last name, and the ending _ve, were dropped. If the last name ends in [a], then removing the [j] would give the name of the patriarch or the place, as in, Grudaj - j = Gruda (place in MM). Otherwise, removing the whole ending [aj] yields the name of founder or place of origin, as in Lekaj - aj = Lek(ë).
There are differences in Dutch as compared to Afrikaans. One is that suffixes end with -je (e.g. beetje, a [little] bit, mandje, basket) as compared, i.e. in Afrikaans (e.g. bietjie, mandjie—same meanings respectively). This reflects the usage, i.e. in the dialects of the province of Holland that most of Dutch settlers came from.
There are many suffixes that can be used to create nouns. Huddleston (2002) provides a thorough list that is split into two main sections: person/instrument nominalizations and action/state/process nominalizations. An especially common case of verbs being used as nouns is the addition of the suffix -ing, known in English as a gerund.
The British English doubling is used for all inflections (-ed, -ing, -er, -est) and for the noun suffixes -er and -or. Therefore, British English usage is cancelled, counsellor, cruellest, labelled, modelling, quarrelled, signalling, traveller, and travelling.
Suffix/postfix: look-ing: stem-suffix: Appears after the stem Suffixoid [3] /semi-suffix [4] /pseudo-suffix: cat-like: stem-suffixoid: Appears after the stem, but is only partially bound to it Infix (see also tmesis) edu ma cated: st infix em: Appears within a stem — common e.g. in Austronesian languages: Circumfix: en light en: circumfix ...