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Botulinum toxin can cause botulism, a severe flaccid paralytic disease in humans and other animals, [3] and is the most potent toxin known to science, natural or synthetic, with a lethal dose of 1.3–2.1 ng/kg in humans.
Botulinum toxin, or botulinum neurotoxin (commonly called botox), is a neurotoxic protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and related species. [24] It prevents the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from axon endings at the neuromuscular junction , thus causing flaccid paralysis . [ 25 ]
Clostridium species are readily found inhabiting soils and intestinal tracts. Clostridium species are also a normal inhabitant of the healthy lower reproductive tract of females. [14] The main species responsible for disease in humans are: [15] Clostridium botulinum can produce botulinum toxin in food or wounds and can cause botulism.
The toxin is the protein botulinum toxin produced under anaerobic conditions (where there is no oxygen) [37] by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. [38] Clostridium botulinum is a large anaerobic Gram-positive bacillus that forms subterminal endospores. [39] There are eight serological varieties of the bacterium denoted by the letters A to H.
Clostridium botulinum; Note: Botulism is not an infection by Clostridium botulinum but caused by the intake of botulinum toxin. Botulism (and Infant botulism) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), electrochemiluminescent (ECL) tests Botulism antitoxin and supportive care No Sabiá virus: Brazilian hemorrhagic fever: No Brucella species ...
Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium perfringens (previously called Clostridium welchii) ... List of human diseases associated with infectious pathogens
Botulism (Type A Clostridium botulinum) in Peoria, Illinois. 28 persons were hospitalized, and 20 patients were treated with an antitoxin. 12 patients required ventilatory support and 1 death resulted. The source was sautéed onions made from fresh raw onions served on a patty melt sandwich.
Most Clostridium species that do have toxins typically have binary toxins with the first unit involved in getting the toxin into the cell and the second unit cause cellular stress or deformation. [6] Clostridial toxins are widespread and aid in the production of many diseases in humans and other organisms.