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Mobile phones continue to become more multifunctional and sophisticated, which exacerbates the problem. [48] In 2014 the BBC reported concerns from opticians regarding blue-violet light emitted by cell phone screens, that it may be potentially hazardous to the eye and long term it may possibly increase the risk of macular degeneration. [49]
The psychological harm cyber bullying can cause is reflected in low self-esteem, depression and anxiety. It also opens up avenues for manipulation and control. Cyber bullying has ultimately led to depression, anxiety and in severe cases suicide. Suicide is the third leading cause of death for youth between the ages of 10 and 24.
A page or photograph which shows the same image twice, but slightly displaced–from a printing mishap, a camera moving during the shot, etc.–can cause eye strain due to the brain misinterpreting the image fault as diplopia and reacting by adjusting the sideways movements of the two eyeballs, in an attempt to fuse the two images into one.
The antennas contained in mobile phones, including smartphones, emit radiofrequency (RF) radiation (non-ionizing "radio waves" such as microwaves); the parts of the head or body nearest to the antenna can absorb this energy and convert it to heat or to synchronised molecular vibrations (the term 'heat', properly applies only to disordered molecular motion).
In response, the FCC began testing some phones itself rather than relying solely on manufacturer certifications. [37] Microwave and other radio frequencies cause heating, and this can cause burns or eye damage if delivered in high intensity, [38] or hyperthermia as with any powerful heat source.
Ischemic optic neuropathies are classified based on the location of the damage and the cause of reduced blood flow if known. [3] Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION) includes diseases that affect the optic nerve head and cause swelling of the optic disc. These diseases often cause sudden rapid visual loss in one eye.
Brain injuries can also be the result of a stroke as the resulting lack of oxygen can cause damage to the location of the cerebrovascular accident (CVA). The effects of a CVA in the left and right hemispheres of the brain include short-term memory impairment, and difficulty acquiring and retaining new information. [11]
The retina is located at the back of the eye. Blue light can induce photochemical damage to the retina by passing through lenses and into the retina. Two primary types of cells contribute to vision formation within the retina: photoreceptors (including rod and cone cells), and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. [16]