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The Coleman–Liau index is a readability test designed by Meri Coleman and T. L. Liau to gauge the understandability of a text. Like the Flesch–Kincaid Grade Level, Gunning fog index, SMOG index, and Automated Readability Index, its output approximates the U.S. grade level thought necessary to comprehend the text.
The automated readability index (ARI) is a readability test for English texts, designed to gauge the understandability of a text. Like the Flesch–Kincaid grade level, Gunning fog index, SMOG index, Fry readability formula, and Coleman–Liau index, it produces an approximate representation of the US grade level needed to comprehend the text.
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The Fry readability formula (or Fry readability graph) is a readability metric for English texts, developed by Edward Fry. [1] The grade reading level (or reading difficulty level) is calculated by the average number of sentences (y-axis) and syllables (x-axis) per hundred words. These averages are plotted onto a specific graph; the ...
The Raygor estimate graph is a readability metric for English text. It was developed by Alton L. Raygor, who published it in 1977. [1] The US grade level is calculated by the average number of sentences and letters per hundred words. These averages are plotted onto a specific graph where the intersection of the average number of sentences and ...
Small books containing a combination of text and illustrations are then provided to educators for each level. [3] While young children display a wide distribution of reading skills, each level is tentatively associated with a school grade. Some schools adopt target reading levels for their pupils.
"The Flesch–Kincaid" (F–K) reading grade level was developed under contract to the U.S. Navy in 1975 by J. Peter Kincaid and his team. [1] Related U.S. Navy research directed by Kincaid delved into high-tech education (for example, the electronic authoring and delivery of technical information), [2] usefulness of the Flesch–Kincaid readability formula, [3] computer aids for editing tests ...
A sample test using an automated Gunning Fog calculator on a random footnote from the text (#51: Dion, vol. I. lxxix. p. 1363. Herodian, l. v. p. 189.) [9] gave an index of 19.2 using only the sentence count, and an index of 12.5 when including independent clauses. This brought down the fog index from post-graduate to high school level. [10]