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Surface dyslexia is a type of dyslexia, or reading disorder. [1][2] According to Marshall & Newcombe's (1973) and McCarthy & Warrington's study (1990), patients with this kind of disorder cannot recognize a word as a whole due to the damage of the left parietal or temporal lobe. Individuals with surface dyslexia are unable to recognize a word ...
Dyslexia, previously known as word blindness, is a learning disability ('learning difficulty' in the UK [6]) that affects either reading or writing. [1][7] Different people are affected to different degrees. [3] Problems may include difficulties in spelling words, reading quickly, writing words, "sounding out" words in the head, pronouncing ...
Dyslexia does not affect general intelligence, but is often co-diagnosed with ADHD. [1] [2] There are at least three sub-types of dyslexia that have been recognized by researchers: orthographic, or surface dyslexia, phonological dyslexia and mixed dyslexia where individuals exhibit symptoms of both orthographic and phonological dyslexia. [3]
Surface dyslexia is characterized by subjects who can read known words but who have trouble reading words that are irregular. [23] Phonological dyslexia is characterized by subjects who can read aloud both regular and irregular words but have difficulties with non-words and with connecting sounds to symbols, or with sounding out words.
Surface dyslexia was imitated by damaging the orthographic lexicon so that the program made more errors on irregular words than on regular or non-words, just as is observed in surface dyslexia. [6] Phonological dyslexia was similarly modeled by selectively damaging the non-lexical route thereby causing the program to mispronounce non words.
Deep dyslexia differs from other forms of central dyslexia (phonological dyslexia and surface dyslexia) in that deep dyslexics have many more symptoms and these symptoms are generally more severe. [4] [16] [17] According to the "continuum" hypothesis, deep dyslexia is a more severe form of phonological dyslexia. [16] [17] [18]
Dysgraphia is a neurological disorder [2] and learning disability that concerns impairments in written expression, which affects the ability to write, primarily handwriting, but also coherence. It is a specific learning disability (SLD) as well as a transcription disability, meaning that it is a writing disorder associated with impaired ...
Outline of dyslexia. The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to dyslexia: Dyslexia, previously known as word blindness, is a learning disability ('learning difficulty' in the UK) that affects either reading or writing. Different people are affected to different degrees. Problems may include difficulties in spelling ...