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Statistics, in the modern sense of the word, began evolving in the 18th century in response to the novel needs of industrializing sovereign states.. In early times, the meaning was restricted to information about states, particularly demographics such as population.
Statistics is the theory and application of mathematics to the scientific method including hypothesis generation, experimental design, sampling, data collection, data summarization, estimation, prediction and inference from those results to the population from which the experimental sample was drawn.
Statistics is a mathematical body of science that pertains to the collection, analysis, interpretation or explanation, and presentation of data, [5] or as a branch of mathematics. [6] Some consider statistics to be a distinct mathematical science rather than a branch of mathematics. While many scientific investigations make use of data ...
Fisher's famous 1921 paper alone has been described as "arguably the most influential article" on mathematical statistics in the twentieth century, and equivalent to "Darwin on evolutionary biology, Gauss on number theory, Kolmogorov on probability, and Adam Smith on economics", [26] and is credited with completely revolutionizing statistics. [27]
Pearson's work was all-embracing in the wide application and development of mathematical statistics, and encompassed the fields of biology, epidemiology, anthropometry, medicine, psychology and social history. [38] In 1901, with Weldon and Galton, he founded the journal Biometrika whose object was the development of statistical theory. [39]
In his book Statistics as Principled Argument, Robert P. Abelson presents the perspective that statistics serve as a standardized method for resolving disagreements among scientists, who could otherwise engage in endless debates about the merits of their respective positions. From this standpoint, statistics can be seen as a form of rhetoric.
Stephen Mack Stigler (born August 10, 1941) is the Ernest DeWitt Burton Distinguished Service Professor at the Department of Statistics of the University of Chicago. [1] He has authored several books on the history of statistics; he is the son of the economist George Stigler.
John Aldrich (2008), Figures from the History of Probability and Statistics; John Aldrich (2008), Probability and Statistics on the Earliest Uses Pages; Michael Friendly and Daniel J. Denis (2008). "Milestones in the History of Thematic Cartography, Statistical Graphics, and Data Visualization: An illustrated chronology of innovations"