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The Bandelier Tuff is a geologic formation exposed in and around the Jemez Mountains of northern New Mexico. It has a radiometric age of 1.85 to 1.25 million years, corresponding to the Pleistocene epoch. The tuff was erupted in a series of at least three caldera eruptions in the central Jemez Mountains.
The younger Tshirege Member of the Bandelier Tuff was formed during the Valles Caldera eruption 1.23 million years ago. [2] The now eroded and exposed orange-tan, light-colored Bandelier Tuff from these events creates the stunning mesas of the Pajarito Plateau. Obsidian with a conchoidal fracture, some weathering, and rust-red coloring.
Tsankawi is a detached portion of Bandelier National Monument near White Rock, New Mexico. It is accessible from a roadside parking area, just north of the intersection of East Jemez Road and State Road 4. A self-guided 1.5-mile loop trail provides access to numerous unexcavated ruins, caves carved into soft tuff, and petroglyphs. [1]
"Emory cauldron, Black Range, New Mexico, source of the Kneeling Nun Tuff". Field Conf Guide, New Mexico Geological Society. 26: 283– 292. Erb, E.E. Jr. (1979). Petrologic and structural evolution of ash-flow tuff cauldrons and noncauldron related volcanic rocks in the Animas and southern Peloncillo Mountains, Hidalgo County, New Mexico ...
Tuff is a type of rock made of volcanic ash ejected from a vent during a volcanic eruption. Following ejection and deposition, the ash is lithified into a solid rock. [1] [2] Rock that contains greater than 75% ash is considered tuff, while rock containing 25% to 75% ash is described as tuffaceous (for example, tuffaceous sandstone). [3]
The Bandelier Tuff is an example of a pyroclastic rock formation. Main articles: Tephra and Pyroclastic rock Pyroclastic material is composed of rock fragments produced by explosive volcanism and erupted from the vent as individual particles, [ 1 ] without reference to the particle origin or the nature of the eruption. [ 2 ]
The Pueblo Jose Montoya brought Adolph Bandelier to visit the area in 1880. Looking over the cliff dwellings, Bandelier said, "It is the grandest thing I ever saw." [11] Based on documentation and research by Bandelier, support began for preserving the area and President Woodrow Wilson signed the declaration creating the monument in 1916.
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