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A separatory funnel used for liquid–liquid extraction, as evident by the two immiscible liquids.. Liquid–liquid extraction, also known as solvent extraction and partitioning, is a method to separate compounds or metal complexes, based on their relative solubilities in two different immiscible liquids, usually water (polar) and an organic solvent (non-polar).
Trituration removes highly soluble impurities from usually solid insoluble material by rinsing it with an appropriate solvent. Adsorption removes a soluble impurity from a feed stream by trapping it on the surface of a solid material, such as activated carbon, that forms strong non-covalent chemical bonds with the impurity.
Typically, this will be to extract organic compounds out of an aqueous phase and into an organic phase, but may also include extracting water-soluble impurities from an organic phase into an aqueous phase. [1] [2] Common extractants may be arranged in increasing order of polarity according to the Hildebrand solubility parameter:
Nonpolar solvent / aqueous biphasic mixture e.g. using hexane, heptane, cyclohexane, or mineral oil as the nonpolar solvent. Nonpolar solvent / polar solvent / salt / water e.g. 100 ml mineral oil, 100 ml isopropanol, 75 ml water, 35 g calcium chloride; Nonpolar solvent / water-soluble polymer A, water-soluble polymer B, water
If the goal was to separate a soluble material from mixture, the solution containing that desired product can sometimes simply be evaporated to leave behind the purified solute. For this reason, it is a practical benefit to use volatile solvents for extracting the desired material from the mixture. [5]
A cosolvent miscible in both phases and able to dissolve the solute is added to form a homogeneous solution of water, organic solvent, and compound (right). In chemistry, cosolvents are substances added to a primary solvent in small amounts to increase the solubility of a poorly-soluble compound.
A mobile phase in reversed-phase chromatograpy consists of mixtures of water or aqueous buffers, to which organic solvents are added, to elute analytes from a reversed-phase column in a selective manner. [7] [27] The added organic solvents must be miscible with water, and the two most common organic solvents used are acetonitrile and methanol.
This page contains tables of azeotrope data for various binary and ternary mixtures of solvents. The data include the composition of a mixture by weight (in binary azeotropes, when only one fraction is given, it is the fraction of the second component), the boiling point (b.p.) of a component, the boiling point of a mixture, and the specific gravity of the mixture.