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Conversely, by a differentiation theorem of Lebesgue, the jump function f is uniquely determined by the properties: [14] (1) being non-decreasing and non-positive; (2) having given jump data at its points of discontinuity x n; (3) satisfying the boundary condition f (a) = 0; and (4) having zero derivative almost everywhere.
The set of all points of discontinuity of a function may be a discrete set, a dense set, or even the entire domain of the function. The oscillation of a function at a point quantifies these discontinuities as follows: in a removable discontinuity, the distance that the value of the function is off by is the oscillation;
At points of discontinuity, a Fourier series converges to a value that is the average of its limits on the left and the right, unlike the floor, ceiling and fractional part functions: for y fixed and x a multiple of y the Fourier series given converges to y/2, rather than to x mod y = 0. At points of continuity the series converges to the true ...
A rising point of inflection is a point where the derivative is positive on both sides of the point; in other words, it is an inflection point near which the function is increasing. For a smooth curve given by parametric equations , a point is an inflection point if its signed curvature changes from plus to minus or from minus to plus, i.e ...
A critical point of a function of a single real variable, f (x), is a value x 0 in the domain of f where f is not differentiable or its derivative is 0 (i.e. ′ =). [2] A critical value is the image under f of a critical point.
Thomae mentioned it as an example for an integrable function with infinitely many discontinuities in an early textbook on Riemann's notion of integration. [ 4 ] Since every rational number has a unique representation with coprime (also termed relatively prime) p ∈ Z {\displaystyle p\in \mathbb {Z} } and q ∈ N {\displaystyle q\in \mathbb {N ...
The graph of a function with a horizontal (y = 0), vertical (x = 0), and oblique asymptote (purple line, given by y = 2x) A curve intersecting an asymptote infinitely many times In analytic geometry , an asymptote ( / ˈ æ s ɪ m p t oʊ t / ) of a curve is a line such that the distance between the curve and the line approaches zero as one or ...
The starting point is the relation from Euler-Bernoulli beam theory = Where is the deflection and is the bending moment. This equation [7] is simpler than the fourth-order beam equation and can be integrated twice to find if the value of as a function of is known.