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Countries may wish to restrict import of cryptography technologies for a number of reasons: Imported cryptography may have backdoors or security holes (e.g. the FREAK vulnerability), intentional or not, which allows the country or group who created the backdoor technology, for example the National Security Agency (NSA), to spy on persons using the imported cryptography; therefore the use of ...
In 1996, thirty-nine countries signed the Wassenaar Arrangement, an arms control treaty that deals with the export of arms and "dual-use" technologies such as cryptography. The treaty stipulated that the use of cryptography with short key-lengths (56-bit for symmetric encryption, 512-bit for RSA) would no longer be export-controlled. [10]
Export destinations are classified by the EAR Supplement No. 1 to Part 740 into four country groups (A, B, D, E) with further subdivisions; [15] a country can belong to more than one group. For the purposes of encryption, groups B, D:1, and E:1 are important: B is a large list of countries that are subject to relaxed encryption export rules
The export of cryptography is the transfer from one country to another of devices and technology related to cryptography.. In the early days of the Cold War, the United States and its allies developed an elaborate series of export control regulations designed to prevent a wide range of Western technology from falling into the hands of others, particularly the Eastern bloc.
In some countries, even the domestic use of cryptography is, or has been, restricted. Until 1999, France significantly restricted the use of cryptography domestically, though it has since relaxed many of these rules. In China and Iran, a license is still required to use cryptography. [7] Many countries have tight restrictions on the use of ...
Digital rights management (DRM) is the management of legal access to digital content. Various tools or technological protection measures ( TPM ), [ 1 ] such as access control technologies, can restrict the use of proprietary hardware and copyrighted works. [ 2 ]
1. Ritz Crackers. Wouldn't ya know, a cracker that's all the rage in America is considered an outrage abroad. Ritz crackers are outlawed in several other countries, including the United Kingdom ...
Furthermore, encryption registration with the BIS is required for the export of "mass market encryption commodities, software and components with encryption exceeding 64 bits" (75 FR 36494). In addition, other items require a one-time review by or notification to BIS prior to export to most countries. [ 8 ]