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A vacuum flange is a flange at the end of a tube used to connect vacuum chambers, tubing and vacuum pumps to each other. Vacuum flanges are used for scientific and industrial applications to allow various pieces of equipment to interact via physical connections and for vacuum maintenance, monitoring, and manipulation from outside a vacuum's chamber.
Ultra-high vacuum (often spelled ultrahigh in American English, UHV) is the vacuum regime characterised by pressures lower than about 1 × 10 −6 pascals (1.0 × 10 −8 mbar; 7.5 × 10 −9 Torr). UHV conditions are created by pumping the gas out of a UHV chamber.
This is also called the regime of high vacuum, or even ultra-high vacuum. This is opposed to viscous flow encountered at higher pressures. [1] The presence of free molecular flow can be calculated, at least in estimation, with the Knudsen number (Kn). [2] If Kn > 10, the system is in free molecular flow, [3] also known as Knudsen flow. [4]
Austenitic stainless steels are the most common choice for high vacuum and ultra-high vacuum systems. Not all alloys are suitable; e.g. the free-machining 303 steel contains sulfur, which tends to outgas. Alloys with good weldability under argon arc welding are usually chosen. 304 stainless steel is a common choice of a stainless steel.
Outgassing can also be reduced simply by desiccation prior to vacuum pumping. [24] High-vacuum systems generally require metal chambers with metal gasket seals such as Klein flanges or ISO flanges, rather than the rubber gaskets more common in low vacuum chamber seals. [25] The system must be clean and free of organic matter to minimize outgassing.
Gate valves may have flanged ends drilled according to pipeline-compatible flange dimensional standards. Gate valves are typically constructed from cast iron, cast carbon steel, ductile iron, gunmetal, stainless steel, alloy steels, and forged steels. All-metal gate valves are used in ultra-high vacuum chambers to isolate regions of the chamber ...
Copper flange gaskets used for ultra-high vacuum systems. A flange gasket is a type of gasket made to fit between two sections of pipe that are flared to provide higher surface area. Flange gaskets come in a variety of sizes and are categorized by their inside diameter and their outside diameter. There are many standards in gasket for flanges ...
A roughing pump is any vacuum pump (typically mechanical) used to initially evacuate a vacuum system, as a first stage towards achieving high vacuum or ultra high vacuum.The term "roughing pump" derives from the vacuum range it works in, "rough vacuum", above 1x10 −3 torr (0.1 Pa).
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