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On 13 April 1791, the Pope forced the issue by issuing the papal encyclical Charitas, officially condemning the Revolution's actions towards the Church and leveling excommunication upon any clergy who took the oath. [16] The clergy split into juring priests (those who took the oath) and non-juring or refractory priests (those who refused).
A commemorative plate from 1790 shows a curé swearing to the Constitution.. The Civil Constitution of the Clergy (French: Constitution civile du clergé) was a law passed on 12 July 1790 during the French Revolution, that sought the complete control over the Catholic Church in France by the French government. [1]
Refractory clergymen were gradually suppressed, in the name of "respect for public order established by law". [21] Pope Pius VI condemned the principles of the French Revolution in March 1791. He clearly opposed the civil constitution of the clergy and the Constituent Assembly's unilateral revocation of the Concordat of Bologna. Human rights ...
The term was used pejoratively in the Catholic clergy to refer to priests who took an oath to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy on July 10, 1790. Pope Pius VI, in an instruction of September 26, 1791, and in an apostolic letter of March 19, 1792, forbade the faithful to receive communion, the sacrament of marriage, or any other sacrament from the hands of a parish priest or other juring ...
Events since 1789 had brought difference and divisions: many had followed the refractory priests; of those who remained loyal to the revolution some criticized 10 August while others stood by, fearing the day's aftermath. Those who had participated in the insurrection or who approved it were few in number, a minority resolved to crush counter ...
The Martyrology of the French Revolution, published in 1821 during the royalist restoration under Louis XVIII by the former Dominican Aimé Guillon de Montléon, [4] compared the victims of religious persecution in revolutionary France to the early Christian martyrs. It contained a detailed chapter on the fate of the Rochefort ship's occupants.
In a third round of voting, Expilly was supported by 233 of the 380 electors while 125 votes went to the Bishop of Léon, Monsignor Jean-François de La Marche, in exile in London as a dissenter from the new Civil Constitution, and known as a refractory priest. [1] Expilly was proclaimed the first constitutional bishop of France.
Since only a minority of the clergy professed the oath, this created a schism between officially sanctioned "constitutional priests" and non-sanctioned "refractory priests." Pope Pius VI introduced a foreign aspect to the controversy by denouncing the Civil Constitution in 1791.