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A UV-Vis spectrophotometer is an analytical instrument that measures the amount of ultraviolet (UV) and visible light that is absorbed by a sample. It is a widely used technique in chemistry, biochemistry, and other fields, to identify and quantify compounds in a variety of samples.
This method requires a spectrophotometer capable of measuring in the UV region with quartz cuvettes. [3]: 135 Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy involves energy levels that excite electronic transitions. Absorption of UV-vis light excites molecules that are in ground-states to their excited-states. [5]
The most common UV-Vis detectors used are variable wavelength detectors (VWD), photo diode array detectors (PDA), and diode array detectors (DAD). [4] Variable wavelength detectors decide in advance which wavelength is needed for the detection. Its absorbance as function of time is collected in a graphic format called a chromatogram. [5]
If Albert Einstein's photoelectric law is applied to a free molecule, the kinetic energy of an emitted photoelectron is given by E k = h ν − I , {\displaystyle E_{\text{k}}=h\nu -I\,,} where h is the Planck constant , ν is the frequency of the ionizing light, and I is an ionization energy for the formation of a singly charged ion in either ...
For UV-Vis spectroelectrochemistry, spectrometer must be specific for UV-Vis spectral region. Potentiostat / Galvanostat : electronic device that allows controlling the working electrode potential regarding to the reference electrode or controlling the current that passes respect to the auxiliary electrode .
The SPC file format is a file format in which all kinds of spectroscopic data, including among others infrared spectra, Raman spectra and UV/VIS spectra. The format can be regarded as a database with records of variable length and each record stores a different kind of data (instrumental information, information on one spectrum of a dataset ...
The DU was developed at National Technical Laboratories (later Beckman Instruments) under the direction of Arnold Orville Beckman, an American chemist and inventor. [13] [14] Beginning in 1940, National Technical Laboratories developed three in-house prototype models (A, B, C) and one limited distribution model (D) before moving to full commercial production with the DU in 1941.
For example, if at each stage an average of 5 new electrons are produced for each incoming electron, and if there are 12 dynode stages, then at the last stage one expects for each primary electron about 5 12 ≈ 10 8 electrons. This last stage is called the anode. This large number of electrons reaching the anode results in a sharp current ...
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