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Byzantine Iconoclasm, Chludov Psalter, 9th century. [10]Christian worship by the sixth century had developed a clear belief in the intercession of saints. This belief was also influenced by a concept of hierarchy of sanctity, with the Trinity at its pinnacle, followed by the Virgin Mary, referred to in Greek as the Theotokos ("birth-giver of God") or Meter Theou ("Mother of God"), the saints ...
While iconoclasm may be carried out by adherents of a different religion, it is more commonly the result of sectarian disputes between factions of the same religion. The term originates from the Byzantine Iconoclasm, the struggles between proponents and opponents of religious icons in the Byzantine Empire from 726 to 842 AD.
This period is generally referred to as the Second Iconoclasm and lasted until of the Council of Constantinople in 843. [2] In 829, Theophilos became the sole emperor and began an intensification of iconoclasm with an edict in 832 forbidding the veneration of icons.
It is a unique monument of Byzantine art at the time of the Iconoclasm, one of only three illuminated Byzantine Psalters to survive from the 9th century. According to one tradition, the miniatures are supposed to have been created clandestinely, and many of them are directed against Iconoclasts.
The council and its Christological arguments were later refuted as heretical by Nicaea II, [20] and also by the Council of Constantinople (843) which reasserted the significance of icons in the Church. During the second period of Byzantine iconoclasm, Emperor Leo V the Armenian overtured Nicaea II and reinstated Hieria. However, rather than ...
Pages in category "Byzantine Iconoclasm" The following 77 pages are in this category, out of 77 total. ... Icon of the Triumph of Orthodoxy; Iconodulism; Iconolatry;
The Byzantine iconoclasm paused production of figural art in illuminated manuscripts for many decades, and resulted in the destruction or mutilation of many existing examples. [3] Combined there are 40.000 Byzantine manuscripts extant today but most are not illuminated.
The two Byzantine outbreaks of iconoclasm during the 8th and 9th centuries were unusual in that the use of images was the main issue in the dispute, rather than a by-product of wider concerns. As with other doctrinal issues in the Byzantine period, the controversy was by no means restricted to the clergy, or to arguments from theology.